2. Significant accounting policies
The financial statements have been prepared using the significant accounting policies and measurement basis summarized below. These were used throughout all periods presented in the financial statements, except where the Company has applied certain accounting policies and exemptions upon transition to Ind AS.
2.1. Compliance with Indian Accounting Standards
The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (“Ind AS”) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (“the Act”). The policies set out below have been consistently applied during the year presented.
For all periods up to and including the year ended 31 March 2017, the Company has prepared its financial statements in accordance with the accounting standards notified under Companies (Accounting Standard) Rules, 2006 (as amended) and other relevant provisions of the Act (“Previous GAAP”).
2.2. Basis of Preparation and Presentation Historical cost convention
The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, as modified by the following:
i. Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are valued at fair value;
Functional and Presentation Currency
The financial statements are presented in INR, which is also the Company’s functionalcurrency and all amounts are rounded to the nearest thousand, unless otherwise stated.
Classification of Assets and Liabilities into Current/Non-Current
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification.
An asset is treated as current when it is:
i. Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle
ii. Held primarily for the purpose of trading
iii. Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or
iv. Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is current when:
i. It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle
ii. It is held primarily for the purpose of trading
iii. It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or
iv. There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period
The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.
The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents. The company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.
2.3. Use of Estimates
The preparation of the financial statements is in conformity with Ind AS requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates, judgments and assumptions affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements
2.4. Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE)
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. Costs directly attributable to acquisition are capitalized until the property, plant and equipment are ready for use, as intended by management.
An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset is included in the Statement of Profit or Loss when the asset is derecognized.
2.5. Intangible Assets
Intangible assets are stated at acquisition cost and other cost incurred, which is attributable to preparing the asset for its intended use, less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition. Intangible assets are amortised on straight line basis over their estimated useful economic life not exceeding ten years. An item of Intangible Asset is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset is included in the Statement of Profit or Loss when the asset is derecognized. The residual values, useful lives and methods of amortisation of Intangible Assets are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
2.6. Impairment of Assets
i. Financial Assets
The Company recognizes loss allowances using the expected credit losses (ECL)model for the financial assets which are not fair valued through statement of profit and loss. Loss allowance for trade receivables with no significant financing component is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECL. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECL, unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk from initial recognition in such case those are measured at lifetime ECL. The amount of expected credit losses (or reversal) that is required to adjust the loss allowance at the reporting date to the amount that is required to be recognised is recognised as an impairment gain or loss in statement of profit and loss.
ii. Non-Financial Assets
Intangible Assets and Property, Plant and Equipment
Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit to which the asset belongs.
If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the estimated recoverable amount of the asset. An impairment loss is reversed in the statement of profit and loss if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated amortization or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years.
iii. Share Capital
Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of new ordinary shares and share options are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.
2.7. Financial Instruments
i. Investments and other financial assets
Initial recognition and measurement
The Company recognizes financial assets when it becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets are recognized at fair value on initial recognition. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets, which are not at fair value through profit or loss, are added to the fair value on initial recognition. Regular way purchase and sale of financial assets are accounted for at trade date.
Subsequent measurement
For purposes of subsequent measurement, the Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:
• those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income, or through profit or loss), and
• those measured at amortized cost.
The classification depends on the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows. For assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in debt instruments, this will depend on the business model in which the investment is held. For investments in equity instruments, this will depend on whether the Company has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income.
Equity investments
The Company subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value. Where the Company’s management has elected to present fair value gains and losses for an equity investments, that is not held for trading, in other comprehensive income, there is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss. Dividends from such investments are recognised in profit or loss as other income when the Company’s right to receive payments is established. Changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Impairment losses (and reversal of impairment losses) on equity investments measured at FVOCI are not reported separately from other changes in fair value.
Derecognition
A financial asset is derecognised only when:
• the rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
• the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows to one or more recipient
Where the entity has transferred an asset, the Company evaluates whether it has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. In such cases, the financial asset is derecognised. Where the entity has not transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is not derecognised.
Where the entity has neither transferred a financial asset nor retains substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is derecognised if the Company has not retained control of the financial asset. Wherethe Company retains control of the financial asset, the asset is continued to berecognised to the extent of continuing involvement in the financial asset.
Offsetting Financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the balance sheet when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
ii. Financial Liabilities
Classification as debt or equity
Debt and equity instruments issued by the Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definition of a financial liability and an equity instrument. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.
The Company’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.
Subsequent measurement
The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:
Borrowings: Borrowings are subsequently carried at amortized cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized in the statement of profit and loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognized as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that someor all of the facility will be drawn down. In this case, the fee is deferred until the draw-down occurs. To the extent there is no evidence that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down, the fee is capitalized as a pre-payment for liquidity services and amortized over the period of the facility to which it relates.They are subject to confirmation and reconciliation and consequential adjustments, if any.
Trade and other payable: These amounts represent obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. They are subject to confirmation and reconciliation and consequential adjustments, if any.
Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the de-recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in thestatement of profit or loss.
iii. Share Capital
Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares or options are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.
Revenue recognition
Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Amount disclosed as revenue are inclusive of duty and net of discounts, returns and value added taxes and amount collected on behalf of third party. The Company recognizes revenue when the amount of revenue can be reliably measured; when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity; and when specific criteria have been met, as described below.
Revenue from sales of goods
Revenue from sale of goods is recognized when all the following conditions have been satisfied:
i. The company has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of the ownership of the goods;
ii. The company retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold;
iii. The amount of revenue can be measured reliably;
iv. It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the company; and
v. The cost incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.
Revenue from Contract Income
Revenue from construction contracts is recognized by reference to the stage of completion of the construction activity as on Balance Sheet date, as measured by the proportion that contract cost incurred for work performed to date bear to the estimated total contract cost.
Where the outcome of the construction cannot be estimated reliably, revenue is recognized to the extent of the construction cost incurred if it is probable that they will be recoverable. In the case of the contract defined with mile stones and assigned price for each mile stone, it recognize the revenue on transfer of significant risks and rewards which coincides with achievement of mile stone and its acceptance by the customers.
Provision is made for all losses incurred to the balance sheet date. Any further losses which are foreseen in bringing contracts to completion are also recognized.
Contract Revenue earned in excess of billing has been reflected in other current Assets and Billing in excess of contract revenue has been reflected under Current Liabilities in the Balance Sheet.
Other Revenue is recognized as follow:
i. Finance Income:
Finance income is recognised as it accrues using the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method. EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payment or receipts over the expected life of the financial instruments or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or liability. Finance income is included in other income in the profit & Loss Account.
ii. Dividend
Dividends are recognized in profit or loss only when the right to receive payment is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Company, and the amount of the dividend can be measured reliably.
2.9. Inventories
Traded Goods and finished goods have been valued at lower of cost and net realizable value(NRV). The cost shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Raw materials ,consumable stores and spares are valued at cost price . The cost shallcomprise all costs of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Work in progress are valued at lower of cost and NRV have been valued at lower of cost and net realisable value. The cost of Work in progress shall comprise all costs incurred for production upto 31st March 2022 .
The company uses Weighted average basis for valuation of stock of finished goods and traded goods and FIFO basis for valuation of Raw materials.
NRV is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated cost of completion and estimated cost necessary to make the sale.
2.10. Cash and Cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash at bank and in hand and deposits held at call with banks.For the purpose of the cash flows statements, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company’s cash management.
2.11. Income Tax
Income tax expense comprises current and deferred income tax. Income tax expense is recognized in net profit in the statement of profit and loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity, in which case it is recognized in other comprehensive income. Current income tax for current and prior periods is recognized at the amount expected to be paid to or recovered from the tax authorities, using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for all temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferredtax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longerprobable that the related tax benefit will be realized.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment or the substantive enactment date. A deferred income tax asset is recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and tax losses can be utilized. The company offsets current tax assets and current tax liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right to setoff the recognized amounts and where it intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
2.12. Employee Benefit Expense Short-term / long term obligations
All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering the service including performance incentives and compensated absences are classified as short term employee benefits. The undiscounted amount of short term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees are charged off to the Statement of
Profit and Loss/ Capital Work-in-Progress, as applicable. The employee benefits which are not expected to occur within twelve months are classified as long term benefits and are recognised as liability at the net present value.
Defined contribution plan
Contributions to defined contribution schemes such as provident fund, Employees State Insurance and Pension Plans are charged off to the Statement of Profit and Loss/ Capital s, as applicable, during the year in which the employee renders the related service.
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