3. Summary of significant accounting policies
This note provides a list of the significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these financial statements. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
3.1 Revenue Recognition
(i) Interest income
The Company recognizes interest income using Effective Interest Rate (EIR) on all financial assets subsequently measured at amortized cost or fair value through other profit & loss account (FVOCI). EIR is calculated by considering all costs and incomes attributable to acquisition of a financial asset or assumption of a financial liability and it represents a rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments/receipts through the expected life of the financial asset/financial liability to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset or to the amortized cost of a financial liability.
The Company recognizes interest income by applying the EIR to the gross carrying amount of financial assets other than credit-impaired assets. In case of credit-impaired financial assets regarded as 'stage 3', the Company recognizes interest income on the amortized cost net of impairment loss of the financial asset at EIR. If the financial asset is no longer credit-impaired, the Company reverts to calculating interest income on a gross basis. Delayed payment interest (penal interest) levied on customers for delay in repayments/nonpayment of contractual cash flows is recognized on realization.
Interest on financial assets subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) is recognized at the contractual rate of interest.
(ii) Dividend income
Dividend income on equity shares is recognized when the Company's right to receive the payment is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.
(iii) Other revenue from operations
The Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers (other than financial assets to which Ind AS 109 'Financial Instruments' is applicable) based on a comprehensive assessment model as set out in Ind AS 115 'Revenue from contracts with customers. The Company identifies contract(s) with a customer and its performance obligations under the contract, determines the transaction price and its allocation to the performance obligations in the contract and recognizes revenue only on satisfactory completion of performance obligations. Revenue is measured at fair value of the consideration received or receivable.
(a) Fees and commission
The Company recognizes service and administration charges towards rendering of additional services to its loan customers on satisfactory completion of service delivery. Fees on value added services and products are recognized on rendering of services and products to the customer. Distribution income is earned by selling of services and products of other entities under distribution arrangements. The income so earned is recognized on successful sales on behalf of other entities subject to there being no significant uncertainty of its recovery. Foreclosure charges are collected from loan customers for early payment/closure of loan and are recognized on realization.
(b) Net gain on fair value changes
Financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) or fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI), as applicable. The Company recognizes gains/losses on fair value change of financial assets measured as FVTPL and realized gains/losses on recognition of financial asset measured at FVTPL and FVOCI.
(c) Sale of services
The Company, on de-recognition of financial assets where a right to service the derecognized financial assets for a fee is retained, recognizes the fair value of future service fee income over service obligations cost on net basis as service fee income in the statement of profit or loss and correspondingly creates a service asset in Balance Sheet. Any subsequent increase in the fair value of service assets is recognized as service income and any decrease is recognized as an expense in the period in which it occurs. The embedded interest component in the service asset is recognized as interest income in line with Ind AS 109 'Financial instruments.
Other revenues on sale of services are recognized as per Ind AS 115 'Revenue from Contracts with Customers' as articulated above in 'other revenue from operations.
(d) Recoveries of financial assets written off.
The Company recognizes income on recoveries of financial assets written off on realization or when the right to receive the same without any uncertainties of recovery is established.
(iv) Taxes
Incomes are recognized net of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) wherever applicable.
3.2 Expenditures
(i) Finance costs
Borrowing costs on financial liabilities are recognized using the EIR
(ii) Fees and commission expenses
Fees and commission expenses which are not directly linked to the sourcing of financial assets, such as commission/incentive incurred on value added services and products distribution, recovery charges and fees payable for management of portfolio etc., are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss on an accrual basis.
(iii) Taxes
Expenses are recognized net of the Goods and Services Tax/Service Tax, except where credit for the input tax is not statutorily permitted.
3.3 Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, other short term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
A financial instrument is defined as any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. Trade receivables and payables, loan receivables, investments in securities and subsidiaries, debt securities and other borrowings, preferential and equity capital etc. are some examples of financial instruments.
All the financial instruments are recognized on the date when the Company becomes party to the contractual provisions of the financial instruments. For tradable securities, the Company recognizes the financial instruments on trade date.
(I) Financial assets
Financial assets include cash, or an equity instrument of another entity, or a contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset from another entity. Few examples of financial assets are loan receivables, investment in equity and debt instruments, trade receivables and cash and cash equivalents.
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value including transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of financial assets except in the case of financial assets recorded at FVTPL where the transaction costs are charged to profit or loss.
Subsequent measurement
For the purpose of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified into four categories:
(a) Debt instruments at amortized cost
(b) Debt instruments at FVOCI
(c) Debt instruments at FVTPL
(d) Equity instruments designated at FVOCI
(a) Debt instruments at amortized cost:
The Company measures its financial assets at amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:
The asset is held within a business model of collecting contractual cash flows; and Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are Sole Payments of Principal and Interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding. To make the SPPI assessment, the Company applies judgment and considers relevant factors such as the nature of portfolio and the period for which the interest rate is set.
The Company determines its business model at the level that best reflects how it manages groups of financial assets to achieve its business objective. The Company's business model is not assessed on an instrument-byinstrument basis, but at a higher level of aggregated portfolios. If cash flows after initial recognition are realized in a way that is different from the Company's original expectations, the Company does not change the classification of the remaining financial assets held in that business model but incorporates such information when assessing newly originated financial assets going forward.
The business model of the Company for assets subsequently measured at amortized cost category is to hold and collect contractual cash flows. However, considering the economic viability of carrying the delinquent portfolios in the books of the Company, it may sell these portfolios to banks and/or asset reconstruction companies.
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost on effective interest rate (EIR). The expected credit loss (ECL) calculation for debt instruments at amortized cost is explained in subsequent notes in this section.
(b) Debt instruments at FVOCI
The Company subsequently classifies its financial assets as FVOCI, only if both of the following criteria are met:
• The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets; and
• Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are Solely Payments of Principal and Interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
Debt instruments included within the FVOCI category are measured at each reporting date at fair value with such changes being recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI). The interest income on these assets is recognized in profit or loss. The ECL calculation for debt instruments at FVOCI is explained in subsequent notes in this section.
Debt instruments such as long-term investments in Government securities to meet regulatory liquid asset. Requirement of the Company's deposit program and mortgage loans portfolio where the Company periodically resorts to partially selling the loans by way of assignment to willing buyers are classified as FVOCI.
On DE recognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI is reclassified to profit or loss.
(c) Debt instruments at FVTPL
The Company classifies financial assets which are held for trading under FVTPL category. Held for trading assets are recorded and measured in the Balance Sheet at fair value. Interest and dividend incomes are recorded in interest income and dividend income, respectively according to the terms of the contract, or when the right to receive the same has been established. Gain and losses on changes in fair value of debt instruments are recognized on net basis through profit or loss.
The Company's investments into mutual funds, Government securities (trading portfolio) and certificate of deposits for trading and short-term cash flow management have been classified under this category.
(d) Equity investments designated under FVOCI
All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 'Financial Instruments' are measured at fair value. The Company has strategic investments in equity for which it has elected to present subsequent changes in the fair value in other comprehensive income. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.
All fair value changes of the equity instruments, excluding dividends, are recognized in OCI and not available for reclassification to profit or loss, even on sale of investments. Equity instruments at FVOCI are not subject to an impairment assessment.
The Company derecognizes a financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset) when:
• The right to receive cash flows from the asset have expired; or
• The Company has transferred its right to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under an assignment arrangement and the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset. Once the asset is derecognized, the Company does not have any continuing involvement in the same.
Impairment of financial assets
ECL are recognized for financial assets held under amortized cost, debt instruments measured at FVOCI, and certain loan commitments.
Financial assets where no significant increase in credit risk has been observed are considered to be in 'stage 1' and for which a 12-month ECL is recognized. Financial assets that are considered to have significant increase in credit risk is considered to be in 'stage 2' and those which are in default or for which there is an objective evidence of impairment are considered to be in 'stage 3'. Lifetime ECL is recognized for stage 2 and stage 3 financial assets.
At initial recognition, allowance (or provision in the case of loan commitments) is required for ECL towards default events that are possible in the next 12 months, or less, where the remaining life is less than 12 months.
In the event of a significant increase in credit risk, allowance (or provision) is required for ECL towards all possible default events over the expected life of the financial instrument ('lifetime ECL').
Financial assets (and the related impairment loss allowances) are written off in full, when there is no realistic Prospect of recovery.
Treatment of the different stages of financial assets and the methodology of determination of ECL
(a) Credit impaired (stage 3)- Put as per RBI
The Company recognizes a financial asset to be credit impaired and in stage 3 by considering relevant. objective evidence, primarily whether:
• Contractual payments of either principal or interest are past due for more than 90 days.
• The loan is otherwise considered to be in default.
Restructured loans, where repayment terms are renegotiated as compared to the original contracted terms due to significant credit distress of the borrower, are classified as credit impaired. Such loans continue to be in stage 3 until they exhibit regular payment of renegotiated principal and interest over a minimum observation period, typically 12 months- post renegotiation, and there are no other indicators of impairment. Having satisfied the conditions of timely payment over the observation period these loans could be transferred to stage 1 or 2 and a fresh assessment of the risk of default be done for such loans.
Interest income is recognized by applying the EIR to the net amortized cost amount i.e., gross carrying amount less ECL allowance.
b) Significant increase in credit risk (stage 2)
An assessment of whether credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition is performed at each reporting period by considering the change in the risk of default of the loan exposure. However, unless identified at an earlier stage, 30 days past due is considered as an indication of financial assets to have. suffered a significant increase in credit risk. Based on other indications such as borrower's frequently delaying payments beyond due dates though not 30 days past due are included in stage 2 for mortgage loans.
The measurement of risk of defaults under stage 2 is computed on homogenous portfolios, generally by nature of loans, tenors, underlying collateral, geographies and borrower profiles. The default risk is assessed using PD (probability of default) derived from past behavioral trends of default across the identified homogenous portfolios. These past trends factor in the past customer behavioral trends, credit transition probabilities and macroeconomic conditions. The assessed PDs are then aligned considering future economic conditions that are determined to have a bearing on ECL.
(c) Without significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition (stage 1)
ECL resulting from default events that are possible in the next 12 months are recognized for financial instruments in stage 1. The Company has ascertained default possibilities on past behavioral trends witnessed for each homogenous portfolio using application/behavioral score cards and other performance indicators, determined statistically.
(d) Measurement of ECL
The assessment of credit risk and estimation of ECL are unbiased and probability weighted. It incorporates all information that is relevant including information about past events, current conditions and reasonable forecasts of future events and economic conditions at the reporting date. In addition, the estimation of ECL takes into account the time value of money. Forward looking economic scenarios determined with reference to external forecasts of economic parameters that have demonstrated a linkage to the performance of our portfolios over a period of time have been applied to determine impact of macro-economic factors.
The Company has calculated ECL using three main components: probability of default and amount of default.
(ii) Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities include liabilities that represent a contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity, or a contract that may or will be settled in the entities own equity instruments. Few examples of financial liabilities are trade payables, debt securities and other borrowings and subordinated debts.
Initial measurement
All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs. The Company's financial liabilities include trade payables, other payables, debt securities and other borrowings.
Subsequent measurement
After initial recognition, all financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR.
Derecognition
The Company derecognizes a financial liability when the obligation under the liability is discharged, cancelled or expired. Any gains or losses arising on DE recognition of liabilities are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and net amount is reported if there is currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is intention to settle on a net basis, to realize assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
3.5 Taxes
(i) Current tax
Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities, in accordance with the Income Tax Act, 1961 and the Income Computation and Disclosure Standards (ICDS) prescribed therein. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date. Current tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in other equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
(ii) Deferred tax
Deferred tax is provided using the Balance Sheet approach on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences and deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which the deductible temporary differences can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets, if any, are reassessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized either in OCI or in other equity.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
3.6 Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are carried at historical cost of acquisition less accumulated depreciation and
impairment losses, consistent with the criteria specified in Ind AS 16 'Property, Plant and Equipment'.
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment
(a) Depreciation is provided on a pro-rata basis for all tangible assets on written down value method over the useful life of assets.
(b) Depreciation is charged so as to allocate the cost of assets less their residual values, if any, over their estimated useful lives, using the written down value method except intangible assets. Depreciation on intangible assets is provided on straight line basis. The following useful lives are considered for the depreciation of property, plant and equipment:
(c) Useful lives of assets are determined by the Management by an internal technical assessment except where such assessment suggests a life significantly different from those prescribed by Schedule II - Part C of the Companies Act, 2013 where the useful life is as assessed and certified by a technical expert.
(d) Depreciation on addition to assets and assets sold during the year is being provided for on a pro rata basis with reference to the month in which such asset is added or sold as the case may be.
(e) An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is recognized as income or expense when the asset is derecognized.
(f) The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
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