3 Summary of significant accounting policies
The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently , unless otherwise indicated.
a) Current versus non-current classification
The Company assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:
• Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle
• Held primarily for the purpose of trading
• Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is current when:
• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle
• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading
• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period. The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.
The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents.
b) Property, plant & Equipment
All items of property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items. Cost may also include transfers from equity of any gains or losses on qualifying cash flow hedges of foreign currency purchases of property, plant and equipment.
c) Transition to Ind AS
On transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its property, plant and equipment recognised as at 1 April 2017 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of the property, plant and equipment.
Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognized when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.
d) Depreciation method
Depreciation has been provided in accordance with the revised rates derived from changed lives of the assets in pursuance to the schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 on written down value method
The useful lives have been determined based on technical evaluation done by the management’s expert which are higher than those specified by Schedule II to the Companies Act; 2013, in order to reflect the actual usage of the assets. The residual values are not more than 5% of the original cost of the asset. The asset’s residual value & useful lives are reviewed & adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.
An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.
An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the income statement when the asset is derecognised.
e) Investment Property
Investment properties held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation are stated at cost less subsequent accumulated depreciation and subsequent accumulated impairment loss. Gain or loss on disposal of investment properties is determined as the difference between net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the property and is recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Transfer to, or from, investment property is done at the carrying amount of the property.
f) Expenditure during construction period:
Investments in shares are stated at cost. All the investments are long-term investments. Provision for diminution has been provided for where the decrease in Fair Market value of the investment is considered eroded permanently.
g) Valuation of Inventories:
Inventories are valued at cost or market price whichever is lower,
h) Contingent Liabilities:
Disputed liabilities and claims against the company including claims by taxation authorities pending appeals are treated as contingent liabilities and are not accounted for and shown by way of notes.
i) Taxes on Income:
T ax expenses for the relevant period comprises of current tax and deferred tax. Deferred tax is recognized, subject to consideration of prudence, on all timing difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and are capable of being reversed in one or more subsequent periods. The accumulated deferred tax liability is adjusted by applying the tax rates and tax laws applicable at the year-end.
j) Foreign currency transactions
Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into functional currency of the Company at the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions or an average rate if the average rate approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction.
- Foreign currency monetary items are translated in the functional currency at the exchange rate at the reporting date.
- Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate when the fair value was determined.
- Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and measured at historical cost are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date of the transaction.
- Exchange differences are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they arise, except exchange differences arising from the translation of the items which are recognised in OCI.
k) Financial instruments
i. Recognition and initial measurement
Financial instruments are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
A financial asset or financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.
ii. Classification and subsequent measurement
Financial assets
On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at
- amortised cost;
- FVOCI - equity investment; or
- FVTPL
Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.
A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:
“ the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and
“ the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in OCI (designated as FVOCI - equity investment). This election is made on an investmentbyinvestment basis.
All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or FVOCI as described above are measured at FVTPL. This includes all derivative financial assets. On initial recognition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at FVOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as heldfortrading, or it is a derivative or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in profit or loss. Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss.
iii. Derecognition
Financial assets
The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control of the financial asset.
If the Company enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised on its balance sheet, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognised.
Financial liabilities
The Company derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.
The Company also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows under the modified terms are substantially different. In this case, a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability extinguished and the new financial liability with modified terms is recognised in profit or loss.
iv. Offsetting
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the balance sheet when, and only when, the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
v. Derivative financial instruments
Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value on the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at each reporting date. Changes in the fair value of any derivative instrument are recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss and are included in other income or expenses.
l) Employee benefits
i. Short-term employee benefits
Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed during the period as the related service is provided. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid, if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the amount of obligation can be estimated reliably.
ii. Defined benefit plans
A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company’s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated separately for each plan by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.
Gratuity liability is a defined benefit obligation and is provided for on the basis of a valuation on projected unit credit method made at the end of each financial year. The Company accounts for gratuity liability of its employees on the basis of valuation carried out at the year end by the management.
iii. Other long-term employee benefits
Company treats accumulated leave, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the valuation using the projected unit credit method at the year-end.
m) Revenue
i. Sale of goods
Revenue from the sale of goods in the course of ordinary activities is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns, trade discounts and volume rebates. Revenue is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer, recovery of the consideration is probable, the associated costs and possible return of goods can be estimated reliably, there is no continuing effective control over, or managerial involvement with, the goods, and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably.
n) Recognition of dividend income, interest income or expense
Dividend income is recognised in profit or loss on the date on which the Company’s right to receive payment is established. Interest income or expense is recognised using the effective interest method.
o) Leases
i. Determining whether an arrangement contains a lease
At inception of an arrangement, it is determined whether the arrangement is or contains a lease.
At inception or on reassessment of the arrangement that contains a lease, the payments and other consideration required by such an arrangement are separated into those for the lease and those for other elements on the basis of their relative fair values. If it is concluded for a finance lease that it is impracticable to separate the payments reliably, then an asset and a liability are recognised at an amount equal to the fair value of the underlying asset. The liability is reduced as payments are made and an imputed finance cost on the liability is recognised using the incremental borrowing rate.
ii. Assets held under leases
Leases of property, plant and equipment that transfer to the Company substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. The leased assets are measured initially at an amount equal to the lower of their fair value and the present value of the minimum lease payments. Subsequent to initial recognition, the assets are accounted for in accordance with the accounting policy applicable to similar owned assets.
Assets held under leases that do not transfer to the Company substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership (i.e. operating leases) are not recognised in the Company’s balance sheet.
iii. Lease payments
Payments made under operating leases are generally recognised in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease unless such payments are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the lessor’s expected inflationary cost increases. Lease incentives received are recognised as an integral part of the total lease expense over the term of the lease.
Minimum lease payments made under finance leases are apportioned between the finance charge and the reduction of the outstanding liability. The finance charge is allocated to each period during the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability.
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