1. BACKGROUND

AIA Engineering Ltd. (the 'Company') is a public company incorporated and domiciled in India. Its equity shares are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange ('BSE') and National Stock Exchange ('NSE') in India. The registered office of the Company is located at 115, G.V.M.M. Estate, Odhav road, Odhav, Ahmedabad -382410, Gujarat, India.

The Company is primarily involved in the manufacturing of High Chrome Mill Internals.

2. BASIS OF PREPARATION2.1 Statement of compliance

The standalone financial statements of the Company comprises, the standalone balance sheet as at 31 March, 2025, the standalone statement of profit and loss (including other comprehensive income), standalone statement of changes in equity and standalone statement of cash flows for the year then ended, and notes to the standalone financial statements, including a summary of the material accounting policies and other explanatory information (herein referred to as "standalone financial statements"). These standalone financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards ('Ind AS') notified under Section 133 of Companies Act, 2013 as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (the 'Act') and other relevant provisions of the Act.

The standalone financial statements are approved for issue by Board of Directors in their meeting held on 23 May, 2025.

Details of the Company's accounting policies are included in Note 3 of the standalone financial statements.

2.2 Basis of measurement

The standalone financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for the following items:

2.3 Use of estimates and judgements

In preparing these standalone financial statements, management has made judgements, estimates and assumptions, that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses, based on historical experiences and other factors, including expectation of future events that may have an impact on the Company and that are reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised prospectively.

Assumptions and estimation uncertainties

The following areas are subject to estimation uncertainties and the details thereof are included in respective notes:

• Note 4, 5 and 7 - estimate of useful life used for the purposes of depreciation and amortisation on property plant and equipment and other intangible assets, impairment of goodwill;

• Note 40 (b) and (c) recognition of deferred tax;

• Note 42 measurement of defined benefit obligations: key actuarial assumptions;

• Notes 24, 30 and 43 - recognition and measurement of provisions and contingencies such as warranty claims: key assumptions about the likelihood and magnitude of an outflow of resources;

• Notes 9, 16 and 48 -measurement of expected credit loss allowance

Judgements

Information about judgements made in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effects on the amounts recognised in the financial statements is included in the following notes:

• Note 23 and 26 - Lease Liabilities: key assumptions about reasonable certainty of the Company exercising renewal options under the agreement.

2.4 Measurement of fair values

Some of the Company's accounting policies and disclosures require the measurement of fair values, for both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. The Company has an established control framework with respect to the measurement of fair values. This

includes a financial reporting team that has overall responsibility for overseeing all significant fair value measurements, including Level 3 fair values, and reports directly to the Chief Financial Officer.

The financial reporting team regularly reviews significant unobservable inputs and valuation adjustments. If third party information, such as pricing services, is used to measure fair values, then the financial reporting team assesses the evidence obtained from the third parties to support the conclusion that these valuations meet the requirements of Ind AS, including the level in the fair value hierarchy in which the valuations should be classified.

Fair values are categorised into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as follows.

• Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

• Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices).

• Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).

When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses observable market data as far as possible. If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or a liability fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, then the fair value measurement is categorised in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement.

The Company recognises transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period during which the change has occurred. Current/Non-current classification:

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as set out in the Schedule III (Division II) to the Companies Act, 2013.

2.5 Functional and presentation currency

The standalone financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees, the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates. All the amounts are stated in the nearest rupee in Lakhs with two decimals.

3. MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

a) Foreign currency transactions

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency of the Company at the

exchange rates at the dates of the transactions or an average rate if the average rate approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at the reporting date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured based on historical cost in a foreign currency are translated at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Exchange differences arising on settlement of transactions and translation of monetary items are recognised in statement of profit and loss. However, foreign currency differences pertaining to qualifying cash flow hedges are recognised in other comprehensive income to the extent the hedges are effective.

b) Financial instruments

Recognition and initial measurement

Trade receivables are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

A financial asset or financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at fair value through profit and loss ('FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue. A trade receivable without a significant financing component is initially measured at the transaction price.

Financial assets - classification and subsequent measurement

On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at

• amortised cost;

• FVTOCI - debt investment;

• FVTOCI - equity investment; or

• FVTPL

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.

A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

• t he asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

• the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A debt investment is measured at FVTOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

• t he asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

• the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment's fair value in OCI (designated as FVTOCI - equity investment). This election is made on an investment by investment basis. At present there are no such investments.

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTOCI as described above are measured at FVTPL. This includes derivative instruments and investments. On initial recognition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at FVTOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

Financial assets: Business model assessment

The Company makes an assessment of the objective of the business model in which a financial asset is held at a portfolio level because this best reflects the way the business is managed and information is provided to management. The information considered includes:

• the stated policies and objectives for the portfolio and the operation of those policies in practice. These include whether management's strategy focuses on earning contractual interest income, maintaining a particular interest rate profile, matching the duration of the financial assets to the

duration of any related liabilities or expected cash outflows or realising cash flows through the sale of the assets;

• how the performance of the portfolio is evaluated and reported to the Company's management;

• the risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and how those risks are managed;

• the frequency, volume and timing of sales of financial assets in prior periods, the reasons for such sales and expectations about future sales activity.

Financial assets that are held for trading or are managed and whose performance is evaluated on a fair value basis are measured at FVTPL.

Financial assets: Assessment whether contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest

For the purposes of this assessment, 'principal' is defined as the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. 'Interest' is defined as consideration for the time value of money and for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs (e.g. liquidity risk and administrative costs), as well as a profit margin.

In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest, the Company considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition. In making this assessment, the Company considers:

• contingent events that would change the amount or timing of cash flows;

• terms that may adjust the contractual coupon rate, including variable interest rate features;

• prepayment and extension features; and

• terms that limit the Company's claim to cash flows from specified assets (e.g. nonrecourse features).

A prepayment feature is consistent with the solely payments of principal and interest criterion if

the prepayment amount substantially represents unpaid amounts of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding, which may include reasonable additional compensation for early termination of the contract. Additionally, for a financial asset acquired at a significant discount or premium to its contractual amount, a feature that permits or requires prepayment at an amount that substantially represents the contractual par amount plus accrued (but unpaid) contractual interest (which may also include reasonable additional compensation for early termination) is treated as consistent with this criterion if the fair value of the prepayment feature is insignificant at initial recognition.

Subsequent measurement and gains and losses for financial assets held by the Company

Financial liabilities: Classification, subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is

classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as held for trading, or it is a derivative or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in statement of profit and loss. Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in statement of profit and loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is also recognised in statement of profit and loss. Presently, all the financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost except derivative instruments which are measured at FVTPL.

DerecognitionFinancial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control of the financial asset.

If the Company enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised on its balance sheet, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognised.

Financial liabilities

The Company derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire. The group also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cashflows of the modified liability are substantially different, in which case a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value.

On derecognition of a financial liability, the difference between the carrying amount extinguished and the consideration paid (including any non-cash assets transferred or liability assumed) is recognised in profit and loss.

Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the balance sheet

when, and only when, the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

c) Derivative instruments and hedge accounting

The Company enters into derivative contracts in the nature of forward currency contracts with external parties to hedge its foreign currency risks relating to foreign currency denominated financial assets measured at amortised cost.

The Company formally establishes a hedge relationship between such forward currency contracts ('hedging instrument') and recognised financial assets ('hedged item') through a formal documentation at the inception of the hedge relationship in line with the Company's Risk Management objective and strategy.

The hedge relationship so designated is accounted for in accordance with the accounting principles prescribed for a cash flow hedge under Ind AS 109, 'Financial Instruments'.

Recognition and measurement of cash flow hedge:

The Company strictly uses foreign currency forward contracts to hedge its risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations relating to certain forecasted transactions. As per Ind AS 109 - Financial Instruments, foreign currency forward contracts are initially measured at fair value and are re-measured at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives that are designated and effective as hedges of future cash flows are recognised in hedge reserve (under reserves and surplus) through other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

The accumulated gains/losses on the derivatives accounted in hedge reserve are transferred to the statement of profit and loss in the same period in which gains/losses on the underlying item hedged are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Derecognition:

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. When hedge accounting is discontinued for a cash flow hedge, the net gain or loss will remain in hedge reserve and

be reclassified to the statement of profit and loss in the same period or periods during which the formerly hedged transaction is reported in the statement of profit and loss. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gains/losses recognised in hedge reserve is transferred to the statement of profit and loss.

d) Property, plant and equipment Recognition and measurement

The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be recognised as an asset if, and only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost, which includes capitalised borrowing costs, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates, any directly attributable cost of bringing the item to its working condition for its intended use and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located. The cost of a self-constructed item of property, plant and equipment comprises the cost of materials and direct labour, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the item to working condition for its intended use, and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

If significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.

Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in statement of profit and loss.

Transition to Ind AS

The cost of property, plant and equipment as at 01 April, 2016, the Group's date of transition to Ind AS, was determined with reference to its carrying value recognised as per the previous GAAP (deemed cost), as at the date of transition to Ind AS.

Subsequent measurement

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably.

Depreciation

The estimate of the useful life of the assets has been assessed based on technical advice which considers the nature of the asset, the usage of the asset, expected physical wear and tear, the operating conditions of the asset, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers warranties and maintenance support, etc. Freehold land is not depreciated.

Company has adopted useful life mentioned in Schedule II as per Companies Act, 2013, to depreciate its assets using the straight-line method as per below:

Leasehold land is amortised over the lease period. The Company believes that these estimated useful lives reflect fair approximation of the period over which the assets are likely to be used.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

Cost of assets not ready for intended use, as on the Balance Sheet date, is shown as capital work in progress. Advances given towards acquisition of fixed assets outstanding at each Balance Sheet date are disclosed as Other Non-Current Assets.

Depreciation on additions (disposals) is provided on a pro-rata basis i.e. from (up to) the date on which asset is ready for use (disposed of).

Derecognition

The carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The consequential gain or loss is measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the item and is recognised in the Statement of profit and loss.

e) Goodwill and Other intangible assets

Intangible assets are initially measured at cost. Such intangible assets are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration paid to acquire a business over underlying fair value of the identified assets acquired. Goodwill is carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses, if any. Goodwill is deemed to have an indefinite useful life and is tested for impairment annually or when events or circumstances indicate that the implied fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying amount.

Subsequent measurement

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates and the cost of asset can be measured reliably. All other expenditure is recognised in profit or loss as incurred.

Amortisation

Goodwill is not amortised and is tested for impairment annually.

Amortisation is calculated to write off the cost of intangible assets less their estimated residual values over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method and is recognised in Statement of profit and loss.

The estimated useful lives of intangibles are as per below:

Software - 6 years Patents - 20 years Amortisation method, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at the end of each financial year and adjusted if appropriate.

Transition to Ind AS

The cost of intangible assets as at 01 April, 2016, the Group's date of transition to Ind AS, was determined with reference to its carrying value recognised as per the previous GAAP (deemed cost), as at the date of transition to Ind AS.

Impairment

For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the Company's cashgenerating units (CGUs) that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. Where goodwill has been allocated to a cash-generating unit and part of the operation within that unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the disposed operation is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal. Goodwill disposed in these circumstances is measured based on the relative values of the disposed operation and the portion of the cash-generating unit retained.

f) Inventories

Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. The cost includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their present location and condition. Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition are accounted for as follows:

• Raw materials and stores and spares: cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on Weighted Average Cost basis.

• Finished goods and work in progress: cost includes cost of direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads absorbed based on the normal operating capacity, but excludes borrowing costs.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses. The net realisable value of work-inprogress is determined with reference to the selling prices of related finished products.

The comparison of cost and net realisable value is made on an item-by-item basis.

g) ImpairmentImpairment of financial assets

The Company recognises loss allowances for expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortised cost.

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether a financial asset carried at amortised cost is credit-impaired. A financial asset is 'credit -impaired' when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred. Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes the following observable data:

• significant financial difficulty of the borrower or issuer;

• a breach of contract such as a default or being significantly past due;

• the restructuring of a loan or advance by the Company on terms that the Company would not consider otherwise; or

• it is probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation.

The Company measures loss allowances at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses, except for bank balances for which credit risk (i.e. the risk of default occurring over the expected life of the financial instrument) has not increased significantly since initial recognition, which are measured as 12 month expected credit losses. Loss allowances for trade receivables are always measured at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses. The Company follows 'simplified approach' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. Under the simplified approach, the Company is not required to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime expected credit losses together with appropriate management estimates for credit loss at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition. The Company uses a provision matrix to determine impairment loss allowance on the group of trade receivables. The provision matrix is based on its historically observed default rates over the expected life of the trade receivable and is adjusted for forward looking estimates. At every reporting date, the historical observed default

rates are updated and changes in the forwardlooking estimates are analysed.

Measurement of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses are a probability- weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured as the present value of all cash shortfalls (i.e. the difference between the cash flows due to the Company in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive).

Presentation of allowance for expected credit losses in the balance sheet

Loss allowances for financial assets measured at amortised cost are deducted from the gross carrying amount of the assets.

Write off

The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is written off (either partially or in full) to the extent that there is no realistic prospect of recovery. This is generally the case when the Company determines that the debtor does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subject to the write off. However, financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with the Company's procedures for recovery of amounts due.

Impairment of non-financial assets

The Company's non-financial assets, other than inventories and deferred tax assets, are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset's recoverable amount is estimated.

For impairment testing, assets that do not generate independent cash inflows are grouped together into cash-generating units (CGUs). Each CGU represents the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or CGUs.

The recoverable amount of a CGU (or an individual asset) is the higher of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the CGU (or the asset).

An impairment loss is recognised if the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Impairment loss recognised in respect of a CGU is allocated to reduce the carrying amounts of the other assets of the CGU (or group of CGUs) on a pro rata basis.

Assets (other than goodwill) for which impairment loss has been recognised in prior periods, the Company reviews at each reporting date whether there is any indication that the loss has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. Such a reversal is made only to the extent that the asset's carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortisation, if no impairment loss had been recognised.

h) Employee benefits Defined benefit plans

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company's net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated separately for each plan by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.

The calculation of defined benefit obligation is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a potential asset for the Company, the recognised asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan ('the asset ceiling'). In order to calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any minimum funding requirements. Remeasurement of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognised in other comprehensive income. The Company determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit

obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognised in statement of profit and loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service ('past service cost' or 'past service gain') or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in statement of profit and loss. The Company recognises gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

Defined contribution plans

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts. The Company makes specified monthly contributions towards government administered provident fund scheme. Obligations for contributions to defined contribution plans are recognised as an employee benefit expense in statement of profit and loss in the periods during which the related services are rendered by employees.

Prepaid contributions are recognised as an asset to the extent that a cash refund or a reduction in future payments is available.

Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid e.g., short-term cash bonus, if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the amount of obligation can be estimated reliably.

Other long-term employee benefits

The Company's net obligation in respect of long-term employee benefits other than postemployment benefits is the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present

value, and the fair value of any related assets is deducted. The obligation is measured on the basis of an annual independent actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method. Remeasurement gains or losses are recognised in statement of profit and loss in the period in which they arise.

The obligations are presented as current liabilities in the balance sheet if the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer the settlement for atleast twelve months after the reporting date.

Termination benefits

Termination benefits are expensed at the earlier of when the Company can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits and when the Company recognises costs for a restructuring in accordance with Ind AS 37 and involves payment of termination benefits.

i) Provisions (other than employee benefits), contingent liabilities and contingent assets

A provision is recognised if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows (representing the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date) at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognised as finance cost. Expected future operating losses are not provided for.

Warranties

A provision for warranties is recognised when the underlying products are sold. The provision is based on technical evaluation, historical warranty data and a weighting of all possible outcomes by their associated probabilities. A liability is recognised at the time the product is sold. The Company does not provide any extended warranties to its customers.

Onerous contracts

A contract is considered to be onerous when the expected economic benefits to be derived by the Company from the contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations

under the contract. The provision for an onerous contract is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract.

Contingent liability

A possible obligation that arises from past events and the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or; present obligation that arises from past events where it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability are disclosed as contingent liability and not provided for.

Contingent assets

A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company. Contingent assets are not recognised and disclosed only when an inflow of economic benefits is probable.

j) Revenue

Sale of goods

Revenue is recognised upon transfer of control of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods. Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer, which generally coincides with the delivery of goods to customers, based on contracts with the customers.

Revenue is measured based on the transaction price, which is the consideration, adjusted for discounts and returns, if any, as specified in the contracts with the customers. Revenue excludes taxes collected from customers on behalf of the government.

Other operating revenue - export incentives

Export incentives are recognised as income when right to receive credit as per the terms of the scheme is established in respect of the exports made and where there is no significant uncertainty

regarding the ultimate collection of the relevant export proceeds.

k) Other income

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset's net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Dividend income is recognised when the Company's right to receive the payment is established and it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Company and the amount of dividend can be measured reliably.

l) Leases

The Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease, at inception of a contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether:

1. The contract involves the use of an identified asset.

2. the Company has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease and,

3. the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for leases with a term of twelve months or less (shortterm leases) and leases of low value assets. For these short-term and leases of low value assets, the Company recognises the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

The right-of-use assets are initially recognised at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments

made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease plus any initial direct costs less any lease incentives. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Right-of-use assets are depreciated from the commencement date on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset. The estimated useful life of right-of-use assets is determined on the same basis as those of property, plant and equipment.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the Company's incremental borrowing rates. The lease liability is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

A lease liability is remeasured upon the occurrence of certain events such as a change in the lease term or a change in an index or rate used to determine lease payments. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

Lease liabilities and right-of-use assets have been separately presented in the standalone balance sheet and lease payments have been classified as cash flows from financing activities.

m) Income taxes

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognised in profit or loss except to the extent that it related to items recognised directly in equity or in Other comprehensive income.

Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset only if there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts, and it is intended to realise the asset and settle the liability on a net basis or simultaneously.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is also recognised in respect of carried forward tax losses and tax credits.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. The existence of unused tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profit may not be available. Therefore, in case of a history of recent losses, the Company recognises a deferred tax asset only to the extent that it has sufficient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realised.

Deferred tax assets - unrecognised or recognised, are reviewed at each reporting date and are recognised/ reduced to the extent that it is probable/ no longer probable respectively that the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realised simultaneously.

n) Borrowing cost

Borrowing costs are interest and other costs incurred in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing costs directly attributable to acquisition or construction of an asset which necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use are capitalised as part of the cost of that asset. Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

o) Operating segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) of the Company. The CODM is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments of the Company. For the disclosure on reportable segments see Note 46.

p) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and Cash equivalents for the purpose of standalone statement of cash flows comprise cash and bank balances, demand deposits with banks where the original maturity is three months or less and other short-term highly liquid investments not held for investment purposes.

q) Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing profit or loss attributable to equity shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. The

Company did not have any potentially dilutive securities in any of the years presented.

r) Events after reporting date

Where events occurring after the Balance Sheet date provide evidence of conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period, the impact of such events is adjusted within the financial statements. Otherwise, events after the Balance Sheet date of material size or nature are only disclosed.

s) GST input credit

Goods and service tax (GST) input credit is accounted on an accrual basis on purchase of eligible inputs, capital goods and services. The balance of GST input credit is reviewed at the end of each year and amount estimated to be un-utilisable is charged to the statement of profit and loss for the year.

t) Investments in subsidiaries

The Company has elected to recognise its investments in subsidiary at cost in accordance with the option available in Ind AS 27, Separate Financial Statements.

u) Recent accounting pronouncements

Ministry of Corporate Affairs ("MCA") notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. There is no such notification which would have been applicable from 01 April, 2025.