2. Significant Accounting Policies followed by the Company
A. Basis of preparation
(i) Compliance with Ind AS
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (hereinafter referred to as the 'Ind AS') as notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 ('Act') read with of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended and other relevant provisions of the Act.
(ii) Historical cost convention
The Ind AS financial statements have been prepared on an accrual basis under historical cost convention basis, except for the following:
1) certain financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value;
2) assets held for sale - measured at lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell;
3) defined benefit plans - plan assets measured at fair value;
(iii) Current non-current classification
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company's normal operating cycle (twelve months) and other criteria set out in the Schedule III to the Act.
(iv) Rounding of amounts
All amounts disclosed in the financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest lakhs as per the requirement of Schedule III, unless otherwise stated.
B. Use of estimates and judgments
The estimates and judgments used in the preparation of the financial statements are continuously evaluated by the Company and are based on historical experience and various other assumptions and factors (including expectations of future events) that the Company believes to be reasonable under the existing circumstances. Differences between actual results and estimates are recognised in the period in which the results are known/materialised.
The said estimates are based on the facts and events, that existed as at the reporting date, or that occurred after that date but provide additional evidence about conditions existing as at the reporting date.
C. Segment reporting:
Geographical segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker.
D. Foreign currency translation
(i) Functional and presentation currency
The financial statements are presented in Indian rupee (INR), which is Company's functional and presentation currency. The Company determines its own functional currency (the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates) and items included in the financial statements of the Company are measured using that functional currency.
(ii) Transactions and balances
Transactions in foreign currencies are recognised at the prevailing exchange rates on the transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated into the Company's functional currency of the entity at the rates prevailing on the reporting date. Non monetary items which are carried in terms of historical cost denominated in a foreign currency are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.
Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at reporting date exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
E. Revenue recognition
Revenue is measured at the value of the consideration received or receivable. Amounts disclosed as revenue are net of returns, trade allowances, rebates, discounts, loyalty discount; indirect taxes and amounts collected on behalf of third parties.
The Company recognises revenue when the amount of revenue can be reliably measured, it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the Company and specific criteria have been met for each of the Company's activities as described below.
Sale of goods
Sales are recognised when substantial risk and rewards of ownership are transferred to customer. In case of domestic customer, generally sales take place when goods are dispatched or delivery is handed over to transporter, in case of export customers, generally sales take place when goods are shipped onboard based on bills of lading.
Other operating revenue
Interest on investments and deposits is booked on a time-proportion basis taking into account the amounts invested and the rate of interest.
Revenue in respect of other types of income is recognised when no significant uncertainty exists regarding realisation of such income.
F. Income tax
The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period's taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses.
The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.
Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount in the financial statement. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period and are excepted to apply when the related defferred income tax assets is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.
Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses, only if, it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilise those temporary differences and losses.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are off set where the Company has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
Current and deferred tax is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively
Minimum Alternate Tax credit is recognised as deferred tax asset only when and to the extent there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax during the specified period. Such asset is reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and the carrying amount of the MAT credit asset is written down to the extent there is no longer a convincing evidence to the effect that the Company will pay normal income tax during the specified period.
G. Impairment of non-financial assets
Property, plant and equipments (PPE) and Intangible assets (IA) that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortisation and are tested annually for impairment, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. Other assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. For the purpose of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or group of assets (cashgenerating units). Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period.
H. Cash and cash equivalents
For the purpose of presentation in the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand, deposits held at call with financial institutions, other short term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities in the balance sheet.
I. Trade receivables
Trade receivables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost, less provision for impairment, if any.
J. Inventories
Inventories of raw materials, work-in-progress, stores and spares, finished goods and stock-in-trade are stated at cost or net realisable value, whichever is lower. Goods-in-transit are stated 'at cost'. Cost comprises all cost of purchase, cost of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. A cost formula used is 'First-in-First-out'. Due allowance is estimated and made for defective and obsolete items, wherever necessary.
K. Investments and other financial assets
(i) Classification
The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:
(1) those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income, or through the Statement of Profit and Loss), and
(2) those measured at amortised cost.
The classification depends on the Company's business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.
(ii) Measurement
At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset at its fair value. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through the Profit and Loss are expensed in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Debt instruments:
Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Company's business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. The Company classifies its debt instruments into following categories:
(1) Amortised cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income using the effective interest rate method.
(2) Fair value through profit and loss: Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost are measured at fair value through Profit and Loss. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income.
Equity instruments:
The Company measures its equity investment other than in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates at fair value through profit and loss. However where the Company's management makes an irrevocable choice on initial recognition to present fair value gains and losses on specific equity investments in other comprehensive income (Currently no such choice made), there is no subsequent reclassification, on sale or otherwise, of fair value gains and losses to the Statement of Profit and Loss.
(iii) Impairment of financial assets
The Company measures the expected credit loss associated with its assets based on historical trend, industry practices and the business environment in which the entity operates or any other appropriate basis. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk.
(iv) Income recognition Interest income
Interest income from debt instruments is recognised using the effective interest rate method. Dividends
Dividends are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss only when the right to receive payment is established.
L. Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are measured at cost/deemed cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Cost of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates, any directly attributable cost of bringing the item to its working condition for its intended use and estimated attributable costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.
Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognised when replaced. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss as incurred.
Depreciation methods, estimated useful lives and residual value
Depreciation on property, plant and equipments is provided on Straight-line basis, over the estimated useful lives of assets. The Company depreciates its Property, plant and equipment over the useful life in the manner prescribed in Schedule II to the Act, and management believe that useful life of assets are same as those prescribed in Schedule II to the Act.
The residual values are not more than 5% of the original cost of the asset. The assets residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.
In case of pre-owned assets, the useful life is estimated on a case to case basis.
Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing proceeds with carrying amount. These are included in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
M. Investment properties
Investment property is property (land or a building or part of a building or both) held either to earn rental income or for capital appreciation or for both, but neither for sale in the ordinary course of business nor used in production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes. I nvestment properties are stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.
Any gain or loss on disposal of investment property calculated as the difference between the net proceeds from disposal and the carrying amount of the Investment Property is recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss.
N. Intangible assets
Identifiable intangible assets are recognised when the Company controls the asset, it is probable that future economic benefits attributed to the asset will flow to the Company and the cost of the asset can be reliably measured. Intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairments. Intangible assets are amortized over their respective individual estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis, from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful life of an identifiable intangible asset is based on a number of factors including the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition and other economic factors (such as the stability of the industry and known technological advances) and the level of maintenance expenditures required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset.
Computer software
Computer software is stated at cost, less accumulated amortisation and impairments, if any.
Amortisation method and useful life
The Company amortizes computer software using the straight-line method over the period of 3 years.
O. Borrowings
Borrowings are initially recognised at net of transaction costs incurred and measured at amortised cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognised as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down. In this case, the fee is deferred until the draw down occurs. To the extent there is no evidence that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down, the fee is capitalised as a prepayment for liquidity services and amortised over the period of the facility to which it relates.
Borrowings are removed from the balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in profit or loss as other income.
P. Borrowing costs
General and specific borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalised during the period of time that is required to complete and prepare the asset for its intended use or sale. Qualifying assets are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale.. Other interest and borrowing costs are charged to Statement of Profit and Loss.
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