2. Significant Accounting Policies
2.1 Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements
The principal accounting polices applied in the preparation of these financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented.
(i) Compliance with Ind-AS
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (hereinafter referred to as the 'Ind AS') as notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 ('Act') read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended and other relevant provisions of the Act.
(ii) Basis of Preparation and presentation
The financial statements have been prepared and presented on the going concern basis and at historical cost basis considering the applicable provisions of Companies Act 2013, except for the following items that have been measured at fair value as required by relevant IND AS.
Fair Value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
a) Certain financial assets/liabilities measured at fair value (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments) and
b) Any other item as specifically stated in the accounting policy.
The Shareholders have the power to amend the Financial Statements after the issue.
(iii) Functional and Presentation Currency
The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees, which is the functional currency of the Company and the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates.
(iv) Classification of Assets and Liabilities as Current and Non-Current
All assets and liabilities are classified as current or noncurrent as per the Company's normal operating cycle, and other criteria set out in Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013. Based on the nature of products and the time lag between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, 12 months period has been considered by the Company as its normal operating cycle.
(iv) Rounding off amounts
The financial statements are presented in INR and all values are rounded to the nearest Lakhs (INR 1,00,000) as
per the requirement of Schedule III, unless otherwise stated.
2.2 Key accounting estimates & judgements
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions in the application of accounting policies that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Continuous evaluation is done on the estimation and judgments based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable.
2.2.1 Critical accounting estimates
a. Useful lives and residual values of Property, plant and equipment represent a material portion of the Company's asset base. The periodic charge of depreciation is derived after estimating useful life of an asset and expected residual value at the end of its useful life. The useful lives and residual values of assets are estimated by the management at the time the asset is acquired and reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The lives are based on various external and internal factors including historical experience, relative efficiency and operating costs and change in technology,
b. Income taxes
The Company's tax jurisdiction is India. Significant judgments are involved in determining the provision for income taxes including amounts to be recovered or paid for uncertain tax positions. Management judgment is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognised, based upon the likely timing and the level of future taxable profits.
c. Defined benefit obligations
Defined benefit obligations are measured at fair value for financial reporting purposes. Fair value determined by actuary is based on actuarial assumptions. Management judgement is required to determine such actuarial assumptions. Such assumptions are reviewed annually using the best information available with the Management.
d. Contingencies
In the normal course of business, contingent liabilities may arise from litigation and other claims against the Company. Potential liabilities that are possible but not probable of crystalising or are very difficult to quantify reliably are treated as contingent liabilities. Such liabilities are disclosed in the notes but are not recognised.
2.3 Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE) (IND AS 16)
These tangible assets are held for use in production, supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes. Property, Plant and Equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses except for freehold land which is not depreciated. Cost includes purchase price after deducting trade discount/rebate, import duties, nonrefundable taxes, Net of GST input credit wherever applicable, cost of replacing the component parts, borrowing costs and other directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition in the manner intended by the management.
If significant parts of an item of PPE have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of PPE.
The cost of an item of PPE is recognised as an asset if, and only if, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company in future periods and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. Expenditure incurred after the PPE have been put into operations, such as repairs and maintenance expenses are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss during the period in which they are incurred.
Items such as spare parts, standby equipment and servicing equipment are recognized as PPE when it is held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purpose, and are expected to be used for more than one year. Otherwise such items are classified as inventory.
Expenditure on acquisition of PPE for Research and Development (R&D) is included in PPE and depreciation thereon is provided as applicable.
The Company adjusts exchange differences arising on translation difference/settlement of long term foreign currency monetary items outstanding and pertaining to the acquisition of a depreciable asset to the cost of asset and depreciates the same over the remaining life of the asset. The depreciation on such foreign exchange difference is recognised from first day of its financial year.
De-recognised upon disposal
An item of PPE is derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss when asset is derecognised.
Treatment of Expenditure during Construction Period
Expenditure, net of income earned, during construction (including financing cost related to borrowed funds for construction or acquisition of qualifying PPE) period is included under capital work-in-progress, and the same is allocated to the respective PPE on the completion of construction. Advances given towards acquisition or construction of PPE outstanding at each reporting date are disclosed as Capital Advances under "Other Non-Current Assets"
Depreciation
The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting its residual value. Where the residual value of an asset increases to an amount equal to or greater than the asset's carrying amount, no depreciation charge is recognized till the asset's residual value decreases below the asset's carrying amount. Depreciation of an asset begins when it is available for use, i.e., when it is in the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the intended manner. Depreciation of an asset ceases at the earlier of the date that the asset is classified as held for sale in accordance with IND AS 105 and the date that the asset is derecognised.
The Company depreciates its property plant and equipment (PPE) over the useful life in the manner prescribed in Schedule II to the Act. Management believes that useful life of assets are same as those prescribed in Schedule II to the Act, except for plant and equipment wherein based on technical evaluation, useful life has been estimated to be different from that prescribed in Schedule II of the Act. Useful life considered for calculation of depreciation for
various assets class are as follows--
The identified component of fixed assets are depreciated over the useful lives and the remaining components are depreciated over the life of the principal assets.
Depreciation on fixed assets added/disposed off during the period is provided on pro-rata basis with reference to the date of addition/disposal.
The assets residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
Leasehold Land is amortised over the primary period of the lease.
2.4 Intangible assets (IND AS 38)
Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis.
Computer Software
Computer software are amortized over period of 3 years.
Internally Generated Intangible Assets - Research and Development Expenditure:
Expenditure incurred on development is capitalised if such expenditure leads to creation of any intangible asset, otherwise, such expenditure is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss. PPE procured for research and development activities are capitalised.
2.5 Leases (Ind AS 116)
The Company has adopted Ind AS 116 - Leases effective 1st April, 2019,
As a Leasee
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company recognises a Right-of-Use (ROU) asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The ROU asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payment made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct cost incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentive received.
The ROU asset is subsequently depreciated using the straightline method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the ROU asset or the end of the lease term. The estimated useful lives of ROU assets are determined on the same basis as those of Property, Plant and Equipment. In addition, the ROU asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.
The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company's incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.
Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets
The Company has elected not to recognise right-to-use assets
and lease liabilities for short-term lease that have a lease term of 12 months or less and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognise the lease payments associated with these leases as an expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
As a Lessor
The company, as a lessor, classifies a lease either as an operating lease or a finance lease. Leases are classified as finance lease whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases. The Company recognises lease payments received under operating leases as income on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
2.6 Inventories (IND AS 2)
Inventories consisting of stores and spares, raw materials, work in progress, stock in trade, goods in transit and finished goods are valued at lower of cost and net realisable value. However, materials held for use in production of inventories are not written down below cost, if the finished products are expected to be sold at or above cost.
The cost is computed on moving weighted average basis and is net of credits under GST
Goods and materials in transit include materials, duties and taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable from tax authorities) labour cost and other related overheads incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Traded goods includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
2.7 Borrowing Cost (IND AS 23)
Borrowing cost includes interest expense, amortisation of discounts, ancillary costs incurred in connection with borrowing of funds and exchange difference, arising from foreign currency borrowings, to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to the interest cost.
Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition or construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalised as part of the cost of such asset till such time the asset is ready for its intended use. A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use. All other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.
Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation. All other borrowing cost are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.
2.8 Impairment of Assets (IND AS 36)
At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its PPE and other intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that these assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. The resulting impairment loss is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs
to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.
In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.
Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset or CGU is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset or CGU in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
2.9 Government Grants (IND AS 20)
Government grants are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them and that the grants will be received. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss by way of a deduction to the related expense on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the expected useful life of the related asset.
2.10 Taxes (IND AS 12)
Income tax expense represents the sum of tax currently payable and deferred tax. Tax is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.
a) Current Tax
Current tax includes provision for Income Tax computed under Special provision (i.e., Minimum alternate tax) or normal provision of Income Tax Act. Tax on Income for the current period is determined on the basis on estimated taxable income and tax credits computed in accordance with the provisions of the relevant tax laws and based on the expected outcome of assessments/appeals.
b) Deferred Tax
Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences.
Deferred tax assets are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences, unabsorbed losses and unabsorbed depreciation to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences, unabsorbed losses and unabsorbed depreciation can be utilised.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which
the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Company intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.
c) Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT):
MAT is recognised as an asset only when and to the extent there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax during the specified period. In the year in which the MAT credit becomes eligible to be recognised, it is credited to the Statement of Profit and Loss and is considered as (MAT Credit Entitlement). The Company reviews the same at each Balance Sheet date and writes down the carrying amount of MAT Credit Entitlement to the extent there is no longer convincing evidence to the effect that the Company will pay normal Income Tax during the specified period. Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) Credit are in the form of unused tax credits that are carried forward by the Company for a specified period of time, hence, it is presented as Deferred Tax Asset.
2.11 Employees Benefits (IND AS 19)
a) Employee Benefits
All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering services are classified as short term employee benefits. Benefits such as salaries, wages, short-term compensated absences, performance incentives etc., are recognized during the period in which the employee renders related services and are measured at undiscounted amount expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled.
b) Post-employment obligations
The Company operates the following post-employment schemes:
(i) Defined benefit plans such as gratuity and;
(ii) Defined contribution plans such as provident fund.
(i) Defined benefit plans-Gratuity obligations
The liability or assets recognized in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit gratuity plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligations at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets.
The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation denominated in INR is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on government bonds that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation. The benefits which are denominated in currency other than INR, the cash flows are discounted using market yields determined by reference to high quality corporate bonds that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid, and that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation.
The net interest cost is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net balance of the defined benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets. This cost is included in employee benefit expense in the statement of profit and loss.
Re-measurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and change in actuarial assumptions are
recognized in the period in which they occur, directly in other comprehensive income. They are included in retained earnings in the statement of changes in equity and in the balance sheet.
Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognized immediately in profit or loss as past service cost.
(ii) Defined contribution plans
The Company pays provident fund contributions to publicly administered funds as per local regulations. The Company has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are accounted for as defined contribution plans and the contributions are recognized as employee benefit expense when they are due.
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