2. MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
This note provides a list of the material accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these financial statements. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
a) Property, plant and equipment • Recognition and measurement
Freehold land is carried at historical cost. All other items of property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss, if any. Cost comprises of purchase price and any directly attributable costs of bringing the asset to its working condition for the intended use. Any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price.
Borrowing costs attributable to construction or acquisition of a qualifying asset for the period up to the date, the asset is ready for its intended use are included in the cost of the asset to which they relate.
Pre-operative expenditure including trial run expenses comprising of revenue expenses
incurred as reduced by the revenue generated during the period up to the date, the asset is ready for its intended use are treated as part of costs of that asset.
Capital work-in-progress comprises of the cost of property, plant and equipment that are not yet ready for their intended use as at the balance sheet date.
Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each reporting date are disclosed under "Other non-current assets"
• Subsequent costs
The cost of replacing a part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied within the part will flow to the company and its cost can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognised. The costs of the day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as incurred.
• Derecognition
An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Gains and losses on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, and are recognised net and disclosed within other income or expenses in the statement of profit and loss.
• Depreciation methods, estimated useful lives and residual value
Depreciation is calculated over the depreciable amount, which is the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its residual value. Depreciation is recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of each part of an item of property, plant and equipment as prescribed in Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013, as assessed by the management of the company based on technical evaluation except in the case of following assets:
b) Intangible assets
• Recognition and measurement
Intangible assets are recognised when the asset is identifiable, is within the control of the company, it is probable that the future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the company and cost of the asset can be reliably measured.
I ntangible assets acquired by the company that have finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses.
• Derecognition
An item of intangible asset is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Gains and losses on disposal of intangible asset are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of intangible asset and are recognised net and disclosed within other income or expenses in the statement of profit and loss.
• Amortisation
Amortisation is calculated over the cost of the asset, or other amount substituted for cost. Amortisation is recognised in statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets from the date that they are available for use, since this most closely reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset.
c) Investment properties
Investment properties are measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss, if any.
The cost includes the cost of replacing parts and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of the property are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as incurred.
Investment properties are derecognized either when they have been disposed off or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. The difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period of derecognition.
d) Leases
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether:
• the contract involves the use of an identified asset - this may be specified explicitly or implicitly and should be physically distinct or represent substantially all of the capacity of a physically distinct asset. If the supplier has a substantive substitution right, then the asset is not identified.
• the Company has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset throughout the period of use; and
• the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.The Company has this right when it has the decision-making rights that are most relevant to changing how and for what purpose the asset is used. In rare cases where the decision about how and for what purpose the asset is used is
predetermined, the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset if either:
• the Company has the right to operate the asset; or
• t he Company designed the asset in a way that predetermines how and for what purpose it will be used.
At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative stand-alone prices.
Company as a lessee
The Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.
The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The estimated useful lives of right-of-use assets are determined on the same basis as those of property and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.
The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company's incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.
Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following:
• fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments.
• variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date.
• amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee; and
• the exercise price under a purchase option that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewal period if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, and penalties for early termination of a lease unless the Company is reasonably certain not to terminate early.
The lease liability is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Company's estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if the Company changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option.
When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.
The leasing arrangements for certain items of plant & machinery taken on lease by the Company contain purchase options. The Company is reasonably certain to exercise these purchase options and accordingly, the exercise price payable under such purchase options has been considered in the calculation of lease liability and right of use asset. As it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the purchase options, the estimated useful life of right of use asset is based on the useful life of underlying plant and machinery.
Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets
The company has elected not to recognise right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less and leases of low-value assets. The company recognises the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
e) Impairment of non-financial assets
The company assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any indication that an asset or cash generating unit (CGU) may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the company estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's or CGU's fair value less costs of disposal or its value in use. Where the
carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its
recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired
and is written down to its recoverable amount.
f) Inventories
Raw materials, consumables, stores and spares are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using moving average method.
Work-in-process and finished goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost includes direct material and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overhead based on normal operating capacity. Cost is determined using standard cost which approximates actual cost.
Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
g) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and cash on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
h) Revenue recognition
The company is primarily into business of manufacturing and selling aluminum castings. Sales are recognised when substantial control of the products has been transferred to the customer, being when the products are delivered to the customer or its authorised representative without any unfulfilled obligation that could affect the customer's acceptance of the products. Revenue towards satisfaction of a performance obligation is measured at the amount of transaction price (net of variable consideration) allocated to that performance obligation. The transaction price of goods sold and services rendered is net of variable consideration on account of various discounts and schemes offered by the Company as part of the contract. The company's obligation to provide a refund for defects in the products is recognised as a provision. A receivable is recognised when the goods are delivered as this is the point in time that the consideration is unconditional because only the passage of time is required before the payment is due.
The Company does not have any payment terms exceeding one year for any contract. Accordingly, the Company does not adjust any of the transaction prices for the time value of money.
The Company besides manufacturing the products from its raw materials, also converts raw materials supplied by its customers and accounts for the gross receipts as 'conversion income' once the job is completed and goods are dispatched to the customers. Income from development of such dies is accounted for in the year in which dies are completed and invoiced.
Other operating revenue represents income earned from the Company's principal activities and is recognised when the right to receive the income is established as per the terms of the contract.
i) Other income
• Interest income
Interest income from debt instruments is recognised using effective interest rate method (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortised cost of a financial liability.
• Dividends
Dividends are recognised in the statement of profit and loss only when the right to receive the payment is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the company, and the amount can be measured reliably.
• Any other income is accounted for on accrual basis.
j) Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to the interest cost.
Borrowing are initially recognized net of transaction cost incurred and measured at
amortized cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognized in the statement of Profit and Loss over the period of the borrowings using effective interest method.
Interest and other borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalized. Other interest and other borrowing cost are charged to profit and loss account.
k) Foreign currency transactions and balances
Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition.
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies which are outstanding, as at the reporting period are translated at the closing exchange rates and the resultant exchange differences are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are measured in terms of historical cost are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.
l) Employee Benefits Short-term employee benefits
All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering the services are classified as short-term employee benefits. Benefits such as salaries, wages, expected cost of bonus and short-term compensated absences, ex-gratia, performance pay etc. are recognised in the period in which the employee renders the related service.
Post-employment benefits Defined contribution plans
Defined contribution plans are employee state insurance scheme and Government administered pension fund scheme for all applicable employees. The company has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognised as employee benefit expenses when they are due.
Defined benefit plans
The employees' gratuity fund scheme is managed by LIC, is the company's defined benefit plan. The present value of the obligation under such
defined benefit plans is determined based on actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method, which recognises each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.
The obligation is measured at the present value of the estimated future cash flows. The discount rates used for determining the present value of the obligation under defined benefit plans, is based on the market yields on government securities as at the reporting date, having maturity periods approximating to the terms of related obligations.
Remeasurements, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets, are recognised immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) in the period in which they occur. Remeasurements are not reclassified to the statement of profit and loss in subsequent periods.
In case of funded plans, the fair value of the plan's assets is reduced from the gross obligation under the defined benefit plans, to recognise the obligation on net basis.
Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognised immediately in the statement profit and loss as past service cost.
Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or the fair value of the plan asset. The cost is included in employee benefit expense in the statement of profit and loss.
Other long-term employee benefits
The liabilities for earned leave which are not expected to be settled within twelve months after the end of the reporting period in which the employee render the related service. They are therefore measured as the present value of expected future payments to be made in respect of services provided by employee up to the end of the reporting period using the projected unit credit method. The benefits are discounted using the market yields on government securities
at the end of the reporting period that have terms approximating the terms of the related obligation. Remeasurements as a result of experience adjustments and change in actuarial assumptions are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. The obligations are presented as current liabilities in the balance sheet if the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement for at least twelve months after the reporting period, regardless of when the actual settlement is expected to occur.
m) Share-based payments
Employees of the Company who are entitled to receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (equity-settled transactions).
Equity-settled transactions
The cost of equity-settled transactions is determined by the fair value at the grant date using fair valuation model.
That cost is recognised, together with a corresponding increase in share-based payment reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled in employee benefits expense. The cumulative expense recognised for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Company's best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The statement of profit and loss represents the movement in cumulative expense recognised as at the beginning and at the end of the period and to be recognised in the employee benefits expense.
The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share.
n) Research and development cost
Research costs are expensed as and when incurred. Development costs are expensed as and when incurred, unless the technical and commercial feasibility of the project is demonstrated, future economic benefits are probable and the costs can be measured reliably. Research and development expenditure of a capital nature includes the cost of relevant fixed assets.
o) Income tax
Income tax expense comprises of current tax and deferred tax. It is recognised in the statement of profit and loss except to the extent that it relates to the items recognised directly in OCI.
Current income tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities based on the taxable profits computed for the current accounting period. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is provided on temporary differences between the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except when the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.
Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits (E.g. MAT Credit entitlement) and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except when the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future
taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
p) Government grant
Grants from the Government are recognized at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and the Company will comply with all attached conditions. Government grants relating to income are deferred and recognized in the statement of profit and loss over the period necessary to match them with the costs that they are intended to compensate and presented within other income.
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