NOTE 2 - BASIS OF PREPARATION AND MEASUREMENT AND SUMMARY OF MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

2.1 These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended and notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (the ‘Act’) and other relevant provisions of the Act and it requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Company’s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or area where assumptions and estimates are significant to these financial statements are disclosed in section 2.20.

These financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for certain financial assets and liabilities (including investments), defined benefit plans, plan assets and share-based payments.

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Company’s normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III of the Act and Ind AS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements.

The material accounting policies that are used in the preparation of these financial statements are summarised below. These accounting policies are consistently used throughout the years presented in the financial statements.

These financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (‘INR’), which is also the Company’s functional currency. Amounts in figures presented have been rounded to INR million unless otherwise stated.

2.2 FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market for the asset or liability, or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible to the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest. A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs. All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

• Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

• Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the

lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

• Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the

lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting year.

2.3 FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS

Foreign currency transactions are recorded at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of such transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities as at the balance sheet date are translated at the rates of exchange prevailing at the date of the balance sheet. Gain/loss arising on account of differences in foreign exchange rates on settlement/ translation of monetary assets and liabilities are recognised in the statement of profit and loss, unless they are considered as an adjustment to borrowing costs, in which case they are classified along with the borrowing cost, if any.

2.4 REVENUE RECOGNITION

The Company applies principles provided under Ind AS 115 ‘Revenue from contracts with customers’ which provides a single, principles-based approach to the recognition of revenue from all contracts with customers. It focuses on the identification of performance obligations in a contract and requires revenue to be recognised when or as those performance obligations are satisfied.

Company receives revenue for supply of goods to external customers against orders received. The majority of contracts that Company enters into relate to sales orders containing single performance obligations for the delivery of Active pharmaceutical products. The average duration of a sales order is less than 12 months.

Revenue (other than sale)

Revenue (other than sale) is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured.

Export benefits

I ncome in respect of entitlement towards export incentives is recognised in accordance with the relevant scheme on recognition of the related export sales. Such export incentives are recorded as part of other operating revenue.

Revenue from Sale of Products

Revenue from sale of products is recognised when the Company satisfies a performance obligation upon transfer of control of products to customers at the time of shipment to or receipt of goods by the customers as per the terms of the underlying contracts. Invoices are issued as per the general business terms and are payable in accordance with the contractually agreed credit year.

Revenues are measured based on the transaction price allocated to the performance obligation, which is the consideration, net of taxes or duties collected on behalf of the government and applicable discounts and allowances. A receivable is recognised by the Company when control of the goods and services is transferred and the Company’s right to an amount of consideration under the contract with the customer is unconditional, as only the passage of time is required. The company has opted practical expedient and there are no significant financing component to be considered while determing the transactions price.

2.5 PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Recognition and measurement

Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Cost includes expenditure that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. The cost of self-constructed assets includes the cost of materials and other costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to a working condition for its intended use.

When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have significant cost in relation to total cost and different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.

Profits and losses upon disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment and are recognised within “other income/ expense in the statement of profit and loss”.

The cost of replacing part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied within the part will flow to the Company, its cost can be measured reliably and it has a useful life of atleast twelve months. The costs of other repairs and maintenance are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as incurred.

Depreciation

Depreciation is recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment. Leased assets are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or their useful lives, unless it is reasonably certain that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term.

The below given useful lives best represent the useful lives of these assets based on internal assessment and supported by technical advice where necessary which is different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013.

The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Factory and other buildings 26 - 61 years

Plant and machinery 1 - 21 years

Furniture, fixtures and office equipment 1 - 10 years

Vehicles 1- 8 years

Leasehold land is amortised over the year of respective leases.

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date.

2.6 BORROWING COSTS

Borrowing costs primarily comprise interest on the Company’s borrowings. Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalised during the year that is necessary to complete and prepare the asset for its intended use or sale. Other borrowing costs are expensed in the year in which they are incurred and reported under ‘finance costs’. Borrowing costs are recognised using the effective interest rate method.

2.7 INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Research and development

Expenses on research activities undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as incurred.

Development activities involve a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved products and processes. Development expenditure is capitalised only if development costs can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable, the assets are controlled by the Company and the Company intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. The expenditure capitalised includes the cost of materials and other costs directly attributable to preparing the asset for its intended use. Other development expenditure is recognised in the statement of profit and loss as incurred.

The Company’s internal drug development expenditure is capitalised only if they meet the recognition criteria as mentioned above. Where uncertainties exist that the said criteria may not be met, the expenditure is recognised in the statement of profit and loss as incurred. Where the recognition criteria are met, intangible assets are recognised. Based on the management estimate of the useful lives, indefinite useful life assets are tested for impairment and assets with limited life amortised on a straight-line basis over their useful economic lives from when the asset is available for use. During the years prior to their launch (including years when such products have been out-licensed to other companies), these assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis, as their economic useful life is indeterminable till then.

De-recognition of intangible assets

Intangible assets are de-recognised either on their disposal or where no future economic benefits are expected from

their use or disposal. Losses arising on such de-recognition are recorded in the statement of profit and loss, and are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds, if any, and the carrying amount of respective intangible assets as on the date of de-recognition.

Intangible assets relating to products under development, other intangible assets not available for use and intangible assets having indefinite useful life are subject to impairment testing at each reporting date. All other intangible assets are tested for impairment when there are indications that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Any impairment losses are recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

Other intangible assets

Other intangible assets that are acquired by the Company, which have finite useful lives, are measured at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which they relate.

Software for internal use, which is primarily acquired from third-party vendors, including consultancy charges for implementing the software, are capitalised. Subsequent costs are charged to the statement of profit and loss as incurred. The capitalised costs are amortised over the estimated useful life of the software.

Amortisation

Amortisation of intangible assets, intangible assets not available for use and intangible assets having indeterminable life, is recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives from the date that they are available for use.

The estimated useful lives of intangible assets are 1 - 10 years.

2.8 IMPAIRMENT TESTING OF PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The carrying amounts of the Company’s non-financial assets, other than inventories and deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. Intangible assets that have indefinite lives or that are not yet available for use are tested for impairment annually; their recoverable amount is estimated annually each year at the reporting date.

For the purpose of impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generate cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of

the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets (“cashgenerating unit”). The recoverable amount of an asset or cash-generating unit is the greater of its value in use or its fair value less costs to sell. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. Intangibles with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment individually.

An impairment loss is recognised if the carrying amount of an asset or its cash-generating unit exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Impairment losses recognised in prior years are assessed at each reporting date for any indications that the loss has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortisation, if no impairment loss had been recognised.

2.9 INVESTMENTS AND FINANCIAL ASSETS

Classification

The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:

• those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income, or through profit or loss), and

• those measured at amortised cost.

The classification depends on the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.

For assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in the statement of profit and loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in debt instruments, this will depend on the business model in which the investment is held. For investments in equity instruments, this will depend on whether the Company has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income.

The Company reclassifies debt investments when and only when its business model for managing those assets changes.

Measurement

At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not

at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. However, trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component are measured at the Transaction Price.

Financial assets with embedded derivatives are considered in their entirety when determining whether their cash flows are solely payment of principal and interest.

Measurement of debt instruments

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Company’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. There are three measurement categories into which the Company classifies its debt instruments:

• Amortised cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at amortised cost and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised or impaired. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income using the effective interest rate method.

• Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI): Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the assets cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). Movements in the carrying amount are taken through OCI, except for the recognition of impairment gains or losses, interest income and foreign exchange gains and losses which are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. When the financial asset is derecognised, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from equity to the statement of profit and loss and recognised in other income/expenses. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income using the effective interest rate method.

• Fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL): Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or FVOCI are measured at fair value through profit or loss. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognised in the statement of profit and loss and presented net in the statement of profit and loss within other income/ expenses in the year in which it arises. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income.

Measurement of equity instruments

The Company subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value other than those elected to be at cost under Ind AS 27. Where the Company’s management has elected to present fair value gains and losses on equity investments in other comprehensive income, there is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss. Dividends from such investments are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as other income when the Company’s right to receive payments is established.

Changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognised in other income/ expenses in the statement of profit and loss. Impairment losses (and reversal of impairment losses) on equity investments measured at FVOCI are not reported separately from other changes in fair value.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its assets carried at amortised cost and FVOCI debt instruments. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk. Note 32 details how the Company determines whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk.

For trade receivables only, the Company applies the simplified approach permitted by Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from initial recognition of the receivables.

De-recognition of financial assets

A financial asset is derecognised only when

• The Company has transferred the rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset or

• retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to one or more recipients.

Where the entity has transferred an asset, the Company evaluates whether it has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. In such cases, the financial asset is derecognised. Where the entity has not transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is not derecognised.

Where the entity has neither transferred a financial asset nor retains substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is derecognised, if the Company has not retained control of the financial asset. Where the Company retains control of the financial asset, the asset is continued to be recognised to the extent of continuing involvement in the financial asset.

Interest income from financial assets

Interest income from debt instruments is recognised using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) but does not consider the expected credit losses.

2.10 FINANCIAL LIABILITIES

Non derivative financial liabilities include trade and other payables.

Borrowings and other financial liabilities are initially recognised at fair value (net of transaction costs incurred). Difference between the fair value and the transaction proceeds on initial recognition is recognised as an asset / liability based on the underlying reason for the difference.

Subsequently all financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method.

Borrowings are derecognised from the balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in the statement of profit and loss. The gain / loss is recognised in other equity in case of transaction with shareholders.

Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting year. Where there is a breach of a material provision of a long-term loan arrangement on or before the end of the reporting year with the effect that the liability becomes payable on demand on the reporting date, the entity does not classify the liability as current, if the lender agreed, after the reporting year and before the approval of the financial statements for issue, not to demand payment as a consequence of the breach.

Trade payables are recognised initially at their transaction values which also approximate their fair values and subsequently measured at amortised cost less settlement payments.

2.11 INVENTORIES

Inventories of finished goods, stock in trade, work in process, consumable stores and spares, raw material, packing material are valued at cost or net realisable value, whichever is lower. Cost of inventories is determined on a weighted moving average basis. Cost of work-in-process and finished goods include the cost of materials consumed,

labour, manufacturing overheads and other related costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses.

The factors that the Company considers in determining the allowance for slow moving, obsolete and other non-saleable inventory includes estimated shelf life, planned product discontinuances, price changes, ageing of inventory and introduction of competitive new products, to the extent each of these factors impact the Company’s business and markets. The Company considers all these factors and adjusts the inventory provision to reflect its actual experience on a yearic basis.

2.12 ACCOUNTING FOR INCOME TAXES

Income tax expense consists of current and deferred tax. Income tax expense is recognised in the statement of profit and loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income, in which case it is recognised in other comprehensive income. Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.

Deferred tax is recognised for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.

Deferred tax is not recognised for the temporary differences arising due to initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to the temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

A deferred tax asset is recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilised. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority.

2.13 LEASES

The Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The estimated useful lives of right-of-use assets are determined on the same basis as those of property and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is yearically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain re-measurements of the lease liability.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, company’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.

Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following:

- Fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments;

- Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;

- Amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee; and

- The exercise price under a purchase option that the company is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewal year if the company is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, and penalties for early termination of a lease unless the company is reasonably certain not to terminate early.

The lease liability is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the company’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if company changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option.

When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company has elected not to recognise right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months. The Company recognises the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

2.14 EQUITY

Share capital is determined using the nominal value of shares that are issued. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares are recognised as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.

Securities premium includes any premium received on the issue of share capital. Any transaction costs associated with the issue of shares is deducted from Securities premium, net of any related income tax benefits.

Retained earnings include all current and prior year results, as disclosed in the statement of profit and loss.

2.15 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

Short-term benefits

Short-term benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid under short-term cash bonus or profit-sharing plans if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

Defined contribution plans

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which the Company pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts. Obligations for contributions to recognised provident funds, approved superannuation schemes and other social securities, which are defined contribution plans, are recognised as an employee benefit expense in the statement of profit and loss as incurred.

Defined benefit plans

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company’s net obligation in respect of an approved gratuity plan, which is a defined benefit plan, and certain other defined benefit plans is calculated separately for each material plan by estimating the ultimate cost to the entity of the benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior years. This requires an entity to determine

how much benefit is attributable to the current and prior years and to make estimates (actuarial assumptions) about demographic variables and financial variables that will affect the cost of the benefit. The cost of providing benefits under the defined benefit plan is determined using actuarial valuation performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method.

The benefit is discounted to determine the present value of the defined benefit obligation and the current service cost. The discount rate is the yield at the reporting date on risk free government bonds that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Company’s obligations and that are denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid.

The fair value of any plan assets is deducted from the present value of the defined benefit obligation to determine the amount of deficit or surplus. The net defined benefit liability/ (asset) is determined as the amount of the deficit or surplus, adjusted for any effect of limiting a net defined benefit asset to the asset ceiling. The net defined benefit liability/(asset) is recognised in the balance sheet.

Defined benefit costs are recognised as follows:

• Service cost in the statement of profit and loss

• Net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset) in the statement of profit and loss

• Remeasurement of the net defined benefit liability/ (asset) in other comprehensive income

Service costs comprise of current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses on curtailment and settlements. The benefit attributable to current and past years of service is determined using the plan’s benefit formula. However, if an employee’s service in later years will lead to a materially higher level of benefit than in earlier years, the benefit is attributed on a straight-line basis. Past service cost is recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the year of plan amendment. A gain or loss on the settlement of a defined benefit plan is recognised when the settlement occurs.

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the year to the net defined benefit liability (asset) at the beginning of the year, taking account of any changes in the net defined benefit liability/(asset) during the year as a result of contribution and benefit payments.

Remeasurement comprises of actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest), and the effect of changes to the asset ceiling (if applicable). Remeasurement recognised in other comprehensive income is not reclassified to the statement of profit and loss.

Compensated leave of absence

Eligible employees are entitled to accumulate compensated absences up to prescribed limits in accordance with the Company’s policy and receive cash in lieu thereof. The Company measures the expected cost of accumulating compensated absences as the additional amount that the Company expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the date of the balance sheet. Such measurement is based on actuarial valuation as at the date of the balance sheet carried out by a qualified actuary.

Termination benefits

Termination benefits are recognised as an expense when the Company is demonstrably committed, without realistic possibility of withdrawal, to a formal detailed plan to either terminate employment before the normal retirement date, or to provide termination benefits as a result of an offer made to encourage voluntary redundancy. Termination benefits for voluntary redundancies are recognised as an expense if the Company has made an offer encouraging voluntary redundancy, it is probable that the offer will be accepted, and the number of acceptances can be estimated reliably.