Background

Amal Ltd (the Company) is a public company limited by shares, incorporated and domiciled in India. The Company is a subsidiary of Atul Ltd. Its shares are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (‘BSE') in India. Its registered office is located at Atul House, 310 B, Veer Savarkar Marg, Dadar (West), Mumbai 400 028, Maharashtra, India and its principal place of manufacturing is located at Ankleshwar 393 002, Gujarat, India.

The Company is engaged in the manufacturing of bulk chemicals such as Sulphuric acid and Oleum and their downstream products such as Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide.

It is registered as a small manufacturing company effective, July 03, 2020, as per Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 (MSMED Act).

Note 1 Material accounting policies

This Note provides a list of the material accounting policies adopted by the Company in preparation of these Standalone Financial Statements. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.

a) Statement of compliance

The Standalone Financial Statements comply in all material respects with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (the Act) read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and other relevant provisions of the Act, as amended.

b) Basis of preparation

i) Historical cost convention:

The Standalone Financial Statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis except for the following:

• Certain financial assets and liabilities (including derivative instruments): measured at fair value

• Defined benefit plans: plan assets measured at fair value

ii) The Standalone Financial Statements have been prepared on an accrual and going concern basis.

iii) The accounting policies are applied consistently to all the periods presented in the Standalone Financial Statements. All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the normal operating cycle of the Company and other criteria as set out in Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013. Based on the nature of products and the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of current or noncurrent classification of assets and liabilities.

iv) Recent accounting pronouncements:

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards. There is no such notification which will be applicable from April 01, 2024.

c) Foreign currency transactions

i) Functional and presentation currency:

Items included in the Standalone Financial Statements of the Company are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates (‘functional currency'). The Standalone Financial Statements of the Company are presented in Indian currency (1, which is also the functional currency of the Company.

ii) Transactions and balances:

Foreign currency transactions are translated into functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gain | (loss) resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year-end exchange rates are generally recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, except that they are deferred in other equity if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges. Foreign exchange differences regarded as an adjustment to borrowing costs are presented in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, within finance costs. All other foreign exchange gain | (loss) are presented in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss on a net basis within other income.

Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value that are denominated in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. Translation differences on assets and liabilities carried at fair value are reported as part of the fair value gain | (loss). Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not revalued.

d) Revenue recognition

i) Revenue from operations:

Revenue is recognised when control of goods is transferred to a customer in accordance with the terms of the contract. The control of the goods is transferred upon delivery to the customers either at the factory gate of the Company or a specific location of the customer or when the goods are handed over to the freight carrier, as per the terms of the contract. A receivable is recognised by the Company when the goods are delivered to the customer as this represents the point in time at which the right to consideration becomes unconditional, as only the passage of time is required before payment is due.

Revenue is measured based on the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled as per contract with a customer. The consideration is determined based on the transaction price specified in the contract, net of the estimated variable consideration. Accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the variable consideration, using the expected value method and revenue is only recognised to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not

occur. Contracts with customers are for short-term, at an agreed price basis having a contracted credit period ranging up to 90 days. The contracts do not grant any rights of return to the customer. Returns of goods are accepted by the Company only on an exception basis. Revenue excludes any taxes or duties collected on behalf of government that are levied on sales such as goods and service tax.

ii) Other income:

Interest income from financial assets is recognised using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options), but does not consider the expected credit losses.

Dividends are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss only when the right to receive payment is established; it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Company and the amount of the dividend can be measured reliably. Lease rental income is recognised on accrual basis.

e) Income tax

Income tax expense comprises current tax and deferred tax. Current tax is the tax payable on the taxable income of the current period based on the applicable income tax rates. Deferred income tax is recognised using the balance sheet approach. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognised for deductible and taxable temporary differences arising between the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period. The Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate, on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities. Deferred income tax is provided in full, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts. However, deferred tax liabilities are not recognised if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred income tax is also not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting profit | (loss) nor taxable profit | (tax loss). Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Standalone Balance Sheet date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilise those temporary differences and losses.

The Company considers reversals of deferred income tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making the assessment of deferred tax liabilities and realisability of deferred tax assets. Based on the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred income tax assets are deductible, the Management believes that the Company will realise the benefits of those deductible differences.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the Company has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. Current and deferred tax is recognised in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

The Company considered whether it has any uncertain tax positions based on past experience pertaining to income taxes, including those related to transfer pricing as per Appendix C to Ind AS 12. The Company has determined its tax position based on tax compliance and present judicial pronouncements and accordingly expects that its tax treatments will be accepted by the taxation authorities.

The Company determines whether to consider each uncertain tax treatment separately or together with one or more other uncertain tax treatments and uses the approach that better predicts the resolution of the uncertainty. The Company applies significant judgement in identifying uncertainties over income tax treatments.

f) LeasesAs a lessee

The Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains a lease, at inception of the contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether: i) the contract involves the use of an identified asset, ii) the Company has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease and iii) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for short-term leases (leases with a term of twelve months or less), leases of low-value assets and, for contract where the lessee and lessor has the right to terminate a lease without permission from the other party with no more than an insignificant penalty. The lease expense of such short-term leases, low-value assets leases and cancellable leases, are recognised as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

At the commencement date, lease liability is measured at the present value of the lease payments to be paid during the non-cancellable period of the contract, discounted using the incremental borrowing rate. The right-of-use assets is initially recognised at the amount of the initial measurement of the corresponding lease liability, lease payments made at or before commencement date less any lease incentives received and any initial direct costs.

Subsequently, the right-of-use asset is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment losses. Lease liability is subsequently measured by increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability (using effective interest rate method) and reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made. The right-of-use asset and lease liability are also adjusted to reflect any lease modifications or revised in-substance fixed lease payments.

As a lessor

Leases for which the Company is a lessor are classified as finance or operating leases. Whenever the terms of the lease substantially transfer all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee, the contract is classified as a finance lease. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Income from operating leases where the Company is a lessor is recognised as income on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless the receipts are structured to increase in line with the expected general inflation to compensate for the expected inflationary cost increases. The respective leased assets are included in the Standalone Balance Sheet based on their nature. Leases of property, plant and equipment where the Company as a lessor has substantially transferred all the risks and rewards are classified as finance lease. Finance leases are capitalised at the inception of the lease at the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments. The corresponding rent receivables, net of interest income, are included in other financial assets. Each lease receipt is allocated between the asset and interest income. The interest income is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the asset for each period.

Under combined lease agreements, land and buildings are assessed individually.

g) Property, plant and equipment

Freehold land is carried at historical cost. All other items of property, plant and equipment are stated at acquisition cost net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items. Acquisition cost may also include transfers from the equity of any gains or losses on qualifying cash flow hedges of foreign currency purchases of property, plant and equipment.

Subsequent costs are included in the carrying amount of asset or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repairs and maintenance expenses are charged to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss during the period in which they are incurred.

An item of property plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de-recognition of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are recognised as property, plant and equipment if they are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes and are expected to be used during more than one period.

Depreciation methods, estimated useful lives and residual value

The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived after determining an estimate of the expected useful life and the expected residual value of the assets at the end of its useful life. The lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life.

Depreciation is provided on a pro-rata basis on the straight-line method from the month of acquisition | installation till the month the assets are sold or disposed of.

Estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows:

The useful lives have been determined based on technical evaluation done by the Management | experts, which are different from the useful life prescribed in Part C of Schedule II to the Companies Act, in order to reflect the actual usage of the assets. The residual values are not more than 5% of the original cost of the asset. The residual values, useful lives and method of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed annually and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

The carrying amount of an asset is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the carrying amount of the asset is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

Land accounted under finance lease is amortised on a straight-line basis over the primary period of lease. Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over their expected useful lives on the same basis as own assets. However, when there is no reasonable certainty that ownership will be obtained by the end of the lease term, assets are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives.

h) Capital work-in-progress

The cost of property, plant and equipment under construction at the reporting date is disclosed as ‘capital work-in-progress.' The cost comprises purchase price, borrowing cost if capitalisation criteria are met and directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for the intended use. Any trade discount and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price. Advances paid for the acquisition | construction of property, plant and equipment which are outstanding at the Balance Sheet date are classified under the ‘capital advances'.

i) Intangible assets

Computer software includes enterprise resource planning application and other costs relating to such software that provide significant future economic benefits. These costs comprise license fees and cost of system integration services.

Development expenditure qualifying as an intangible asset, if any, is capitalised, to be amortised over the economic life of the product | patent.

Computer software cost is amortised over a period of three years using the straight-line method.

j) Impairment

The carrying amount of assets are reviewed at each Standalone Balance Sheet date to assess if there is any indication of impairment based on internal | external factors. An impairment loss on such assessment is recognised wherever the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of the assets is net selling price or value in use, whichever is higher. While assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to the present value by using weighted average cost of capital. A previously recognised impairment loss is further provided or reversed depending on changes in the circumstances and to the extent that carrying amount of the assets does not exceed the carrying amount that will be determined if no impairment loss had previously been recognised.

k) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash in hand, demand deposits with bank and other short-term (three months or less from the date of acquisition), highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

l) Statement of cash flows

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit for the period is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash generated from | (used) in operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.

m) Trade receivables

Trade receivables are recognised at the amount of transaction price (net of variable consideration) when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. These assets are held at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate (EIR) method where applicable, less provision for impairment based on expected credit loss. Trade receivables overdue more than 180 days are considered in which there is significant increase in credit risk.

n) Trade and other payables

These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the Company prior to the end of financial year which are unpaid. Trade and other payables are presented as current liabilities unless

payment is not due within 12 months from the reporting date. They are recognised initially at their fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method.

o) Inventories

Inventories are stated at cost or net realisable value, whichever is lower. Cost is determined on periodic moving weighted average basis.

Net realisable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to effect the sale.

Cost comprises all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventory to the present location and condition.

Due allowances are made for slow moving | non-moving, defective and obsolete inventories based on estimates made by the Company.

Items such as spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment that are not plant and machinery get classified as inventory.

p) Investments and other financial assets

Classification and measurement

The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:

i) those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income, or through profit or loss)

ii) those measured at amortised cost

iii) those measured at carrying cost for equity instruments of subsidiary company

The classification depends on the business model of the Company for managing financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.

For assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in debt instruments, this will depend on the business model in which the investment is held. For investments in equity instruments, this will depend on whether the Company has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income.

Debt instruments

Initial recognition and measurement:

Financial asset is recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial asset is recognised initially at fair value plus, in case the financial asset is not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial asset carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Subsequent measurement:

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the business model of the Company for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. There are three measurement categories into which the Company classifies its debt instruments:

Measured at amortised cost:

Financial assets that are held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest, are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method less impairment, if any, the amortisation of EIR and loss arising from impairment, if any is recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI):

Financial assets that are held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both, selling financial assets and collecting contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest, are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. Fair value movements are recognised in the OCI. Interest income is measured using the EIR method and impairment losses, if any are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. On derecognition, cumulative gain | (loss) previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from the equity to other income in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL):

A financial asset not classified as either amortised cost or FVTOCI, is classified as FVTPL. Such financial assets are measured at fair value with all changes in fair value, including interest income and dividend income if any, recognised as other income in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Equity instruments

The Company subsequently measures all investments in equity instruments other than subsidiary company at fair value. The Company has elected to present fair value gains and losses on such equity investments through FVTPL, and there is no subsequent reclassification of these fair value gains and losses to OCI. Dividends from such investments continue to be recognised in profit or loss as other income when the right to receive payment is established.

Changes in the fair value of financial assets at FVTPL are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss. Impairment losses (and reversal of impairment losses) on equity investments measured at FVTOCI are not reported separately from other changes in fair value.

Investment in subsidiary company:

Investments in the subsidiary company is carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses, if any. Where an indication of impairment exists, the carrying amount of the investment is assessed and written down immediately to its recoverable amount. On disposal of investments in subsidiary company the difference

between net disposal proceeds and the carrying amounts are recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses on a forward-looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its financial assets carried at amortised cost and FVTOCI debt instruments. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk. Note 29.7 details how the Company determines whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk.

For trade and lease receivables only, the Company applies the simplified approach permitted by Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from initial recognition of such receivables. The Company computes expected lifetime losses based on a provision matrix, which takes into account historical credit loss experience and adjusted for forward-looking information.

Derecognition

A financial asset is derecognised only when the Company has transferred the rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset, the asset expires or the Company retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to one or more recipients.

Where the Company has transferred an asset, the Company evaluates whether it has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. In such cases, the financial asset is derecognised through the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss or other comprehensive income as applicable. Where the Company has not transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is not derecognised.

Where the Company has neither transferred a financial asset nor retained substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is derecognised if the Company has not retained control of the financial asset. Where the Company retains control of the financial asset, the asset continues to be recognised to the extent of continuing involvement in the financial asset.

Financial liabilities

i) Classification as debt or equity:

Financial liabilities and equity instruments issued by the Company are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

ii) Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial liabilities are initially measured at the fair value.

iii) Subsequent measurement

Financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method. Financial liabilities carried at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value with all changes in fair value recognised in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

iv) Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expired.

q) Offsetting financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the Standalone Balance Sheet where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

r) Borrowings

Borrowings are initially recognised at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognised in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest rate method. Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognised as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down. If not, the fee is deferred until the drawdown occurs.

Borrowings are removed from the Standalone Balance Sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in profit or loss as other income | (expense). Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period.

s) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalised during the period of time that is required to complete and prepare the asset for its intended use or sale. Qualifying assets are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale. Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation. Other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.

t) Provisions and contingent liabilities

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated. These are reviewed at each year-end and reflect the best current estimate. Provisions are not recognised for future operating losses.

Where there are a number of similar obligations, the likelihood that an outflow will be required in settlement is determined by considering the class of obligations as a whole. A provision is recognised even if the likelihood of an outflow with respect to any one item included in the same class of obligations may be small.

Provisions are measured at the present value of the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The discount rate used to determine the present value is a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as interest expense.

Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.

u) Employee benefits

i) Defined benefit plan

Gratuity:

Gratuity liability is a defined benefit obligation and is computed on the basis of an actuarial valuation by an actuary appointed for the purpose as per the projected unit credit method at the end of each financial year. The liability or asset recognised in the Standalone Balance Sheet in respect of defined benefit gratuity plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets. The liability so provided is paid to a trust administered by the Company, which in turn invests in eligible securities to meet the liability as and when it becomes due for payment in future. Any shortfall in the value of assets over the defined benefit obligation is recognised as a liability with a corresponding charge to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows with reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on government bonds that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation.

The net interest cost is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net balance of the defined benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets. This cost is included in employee benefit expense in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.

Remeasurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in the period in which they occur directly in other comprehensive income.

They are included in retained earnings in the Statement of changes in equity and in the Standalone Balance Sheet.

Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognised immediately in profit or loss as past service cost.

ii) Defined contribution plan

Contributions to defined contribution schemes such as contributions to provident fund, superannuation fund, employees' state insurance corporation, national pension scheme and labour welfare fund are charged as an expense to the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss based on the amount of contribution required to be made as and when services are rendered by the employees. The above benefits are classified as defined contribution schemes as the Company has no further defined obligations beyond the monthly contributions.

iii) Short-term employee benefits

All employee benefits payable within 12 months of service such as salaries, wages, bonus, ex-gratia, medical benefits, etc, are recognised in the year in which the employees render the related service and are presented as current employee benefit obligations. Termination benefits are recognised as an expense as and when incurred.

Short-term employee benefits are provided at an undiscounted amount during the accounting period based on service rendered by employees.

iv) Other long-term employee benefits

The liabilities for earned leave are not expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. They are therefore measured as the present value of expected future payments to be made in respect of services provided by employees up to the end of the reporting period using the projected unit credit method. The benefits are discounted using the market yields at the end of the reporting period that have terms approximating the terms of the related obligation. Remeasurements as a result of experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in profit or loss.

v) Earnings per share

Earnings per share (EPS) is calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period.

For the purpose of calculating diluted EPS, the net profit for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.

Critical estimates and judgements

Preparation of the Standalone Financial Statements requires the use of accounting estimates, judgements and assumptions, which, by definition, will seldom equal the actual results. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as the Management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in the Standalone Financial Statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the Standalone Financial Statements. This Note provides an overview of the areas that involve a higher degree of judgements or complexity and of items that are more likely to be materially adjusted due to estimates and assumptions turning out to be different than those originally assessed. Detailed information about each of these estimates and judgements is included in relevant notes together with information about the basis of calculation for each affected line item in the Standalone Financial Statements.

The areas involving critical estimates or judgements are:

i) Estimation for income tax: Note 1 (e)

ii) Estimation of useful life of tangible assets: Note 1 (g)

iii) Estimation of provision for inventories: Note 1 (o)

iv) Allowance for credit losses on trade receivables: Note 1 (m)

v) Estimation of claims | liabilities: Note 1 (t)

vi) Estimation of defined benefit obligations: Note 1 (u)

vii) Fair value measurements: Note 29.7

viii) Impairment: Note 1 (j)