2. Significant accounting policies
2.1 Basis of preparation of Financial Statement:
Statement of Compliance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) : The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Ind AS notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended and notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act") and other relevant provisions of the Act and other accounting principles generally accepted in India.
2.2 Use of estimates and judgements
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates, and assumptions in the application of accounting policies that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The difference between the actual results and estimates are recognized in the period in which the results are known or materialised. Continuous evaluation is done on the estimation and judgments based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable. Revision s to accounting estimates are recognised prospectively.
2.3 Critical accounting estimates
A. Useful lives and residual values of property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment represent a material portion of the Company's asset base. The periodic charge of depreciation is derived after estimating useful life of an asset and expected residual value at the end of its useful life. The useful lives and residual values of assets are estimated by the management at the time the asset is acquired and reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The lives are based on various external and internal factors including historical experience, relative efficiency and operating costs and change in technology.
B. Income taxes
The Company's tax jurisdiction is India. Significant judgments are sometimes involved in determining the provision for income taxes including amounts to be recovered or paid for uncertain tax positions. Management judgment is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognised, based upon the likely timing and the level of future taxable profits.
C. Contingencies
In the normal course of business, contingent liabilities may arise from litigation and other claims against the Company. Potential liabilities that are possible but not probable of crystallising or are very difficult to quantify reliably are treated as contingent liabilities. Such liabilities are disclosed in the notes but are not recognised.
2.4 Summary of significant accounting policies
a) Current versus non-current classification
An asset is treated as current when it is :
• Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle,
• Held primarily for the purpose of trading,
• Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
All other assets are classified as non-current. A liability is current when:
• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle,
• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading,
• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the
reporting period.
The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.
The operating cycle is time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.
b) Revenue recognition
^ Sale of Goods :
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when ownership in the goods is transferred to the buyer for a price, when significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer and no effective control, to a degree usually associated with ownership, is retained by the Company. Sale of goods is stated net off VAT, CST, GST, discounts and rebates and excise duty.
^ Interest Income :
Interest income is recognised on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and applicable interest rate.
^ Dividend Income :
Dividend Income is recognized when right to receive the same is established.
c) Foreign currency
The functional currency of the Company is the Indian rupee. These financial statements are presented in Indian rupees. Transactions and balances
Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the functional currency by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction. All foreign currency monetary assets and monetary liabilities as at the Balance Sheet date are translated into the functional currency at the applicable exchange rates prevailing on that date. All exchange differences arising on translation, are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Non-monetary assets and non-monetary liabilities denominated in foreign currency and measured at historical cost are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date of the transaction.
Gain or losses upon settlement of foreign currency transactions are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss for the period in which the transaction is settled.
d) Retirement and Other employee benefits :
• Defined Benefit Plan
^ Gratuity
The Company provides for gratuity through a defined benefit plan covering all eligible employees. The plan provides a lump sum payment to eligible employees at retirement or on termination of employment based on the salary of the respective employee and the years of employment with the Company. The Company contributes to a gratuity fund maintained by Life Insurance Corporation of India. The amount of contribution is determined based upon actuarial valuations as at the year end. Such contributions are charged off to the Statement of Profit and Loss.
^ Leave Encashment :
Leave liability which is not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services is recognised as a liability at the present value of defined benefit obligation as at the Balance Sheet less the fair value of the plan assets, if any, out of which the obligations are expected to be settled. Leave liability is funded with Life Insurance Corporation of India.
• Defined Contribution Plan
A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays specified contributions to a separate entity and has no obligation to pay any further amounts. The Company makes specified monthly contributions towards employee provident fund to Government administered provident fund scheme which is a defined contribution plan. The Company’s contribution is recognised as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss during the period in which the employee renders the related service.
• Other employee Benefits
Short term employee benefits are recognised as an expense at the undiscounted amount in the Statement of Profit and Loss of the year in which the related service is rendered.
e) Taxes
Income tax expense comprises current income tax and deferred income tax. Income tax expense is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent it relates to items recognised directly in equity, in which case it is recognised in other comprehensive income or other equity as the case may be.
Current Income tax
Provision for current tax is made considering various allowances and benefits available to the Company under Income Tax Act. Current tax is the amount of tax payable based on the taxable profit for the year as determined in accordance with as applicable tax rates and the provisions of the I ncome tax Act, 1961.
Deferred tax
In accordance with Indian Accounting Standard -12 “Income Taxes", Deferred taxes resulting from temporary difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements.
Deferred income tax is measured using tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of reporting period and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or deferred tax liability is settled.
f) Property ,Plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The cost comprises the purchase price (Net of Cenvat and VAT credit/GST input credit wherever applicable) and any attributable cost of bringing the assets to its working condition for its intended use. Such cost also includes the cost of replacing part of the Property, plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of Property, plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the property, plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All Other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as incurred.
Depreciation on Property, plant and equipment is calculated on a straight-line basis, from the month of addition, using the estimated useful lives, as specified in schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013, except in respect of the following assets:
Depreciation on Windmill is charged on written down value method based on the estimated useful life of the assets as specified under Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013.
Gain or loss arising from de-recognition of property, plant & equipment are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognised.
The residual values, useful lives, and methods of depreciation of Property plant and equipment are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
g) Intangible Assets
Intangible assets acquired separately are measured at initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.
Intangible assets being Software is amortised over a period of 3 years based on management assessment and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible may impaired. The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortisation period or method, as appropriate and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortisation expense on intangible assets is recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Gain or loss arising from derecognition of an intangible assets are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognised.
h) Leases
The Company's significant leasing arrangements are in respect of operating leases for premises. The leasing arrangements which are not cancellable range between eleven months to three years generally and are usually renewable by mutual consent at agreed terms. The aggregate lease rent payable is charged as rent in the statement of profit and loss.
i) Inventories
Inventories are valued as under:
^ Raw Material: at weighted average cost or net realisable value whichever is lower.
^ Work in Progress: at the aggregate of weighted average material cost and direct applicable standard overheads or net realisable value whichever is lower.
^ Finished Goods: at the aggregate of weighted average material cost and direct applicable standard overheads or net realisable value whichever is lower.
^ Trading Goods: at Weighted average cost or net realisable value whichever is lower.
^ Store, Spare& Packing Material: Weighted average cost or net realisable value whichever is lower.
j) Impairment of non-financial assets
The carrying amount of assets is reviewed for impairment at the end of each reporting date if there is any indication of impairment based on internal/external factor. An impairment loss is recognised in the statement of profit and loss wherever the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the asset's or cash generating unit's fair value less cost of disposal and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future Cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value, recent market transactions are taken into account.
The business plans which are approved on annual basis by senior management are the primary source of information for the
determination of value in use. As an initial step in the preparation of these plans, various assumptions regarding market conditions, and cost inflation rates are set by senior management. These assumptions take account of existing prices and other macro- economic factors and historical trends and variability.
After impairment, depreciation is provided on the revised carrying amount of the asset over its remaining useful life. A previously recognised impairment loss is increased or reversed depending on changes in circumstances. However, the carrying value after reversal is not increased beyond the carrying value that would have prevailed by charging usual depreciation if there was no impairment. Such reversal is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
k) Financial instruments
All financial assets and liabilities are initially recognised at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and liabilities, which are not at fair value through profit or loss, are adjusted to the fair value on initial recognition. Purchase and sale of financial assets are recognised using trade date accounting. Financial liabilities i.e. borrowing & trade payables are recognised net of directly attributable transactions cost.
The classification of financial instruments depends on the objective of the business model for which it is held. Management determines the classification of its financial instruments at initial recognition. For the purpose of subsequent measurement, financial instruments of the Company are classified in the following categories:
^ Non derivative financial assets
l) Financial assets at amortised cost
A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it i^ jpeld within a business model whose objective is to hold the asset in
order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
They are presented as current assets, except for those maturing later than 12 months after the reporting date which are presented as non-current assets. Financial assets are measured initially at fair value plus transactions costs and subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment loss.
Financial assets at amortised cost are represented by trade receivables, security deposits, cash and bank balances, other advances and eligible current and non-current assets.
2) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
All equity instruments are measured at fair value. For all Equity instruments which are not held for trading, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present subsequent changes in the fair value in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). This election is made on an investment-to- investment basis. If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividend are recognised in OCI which is not subsequently recycled to the statement of profit and loss.
3) Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL)
A financial asset which is not classified in any of the above categories are measured at FVTPL.
^ Non derivative financial liabilities
All financial liabilities are classified into following categories:
1) Financial liabilities at amortised cost
Financial liabilities at amortised cost represented by borrowings, trade payables and other liabilities are initially recognised at fair value and subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method.
2) Financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss
Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value with all changes recognised in the statement of profit or loss.
De-recognition of financial instruments Financial
assets
The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from
the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party.
Financial liabilities
The Company derecognises financial liabilities when and only when, the Company's obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.
Impairment of financial assets
The Company applies the expected credit loss model for recognising impairment loss on financial assets measured at amortised cost, trade receivables and other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset not designated as at FVTPL.
The Company measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition.
If the Company measured loss allowance for a financial instrument at lifetime expected credit loss model in the previous period, but determines at the end of a reporting period that the credit risk has not increased significantly since initial recognition due to improvement in credit quality as compared to the previous period, the Company again measures the loss allowance based on 12 months expected credit losses.
Further, for the purpose of measuring lifetime expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient as permitted under Ind AS 109. This expected credit loss allowance is computed based on historical credit loss experience and adjusted for forward looking information.
l) Cash and cash equivalents
For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and demand deposits with banks other than deposits pledged with government authorities and margin money deposits.
m) Cash flow statement
Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit/loss before extraordinary items and tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated based on the available information.
n) Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the year attributable to equity shareholders (after deducting attributable taxes) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the year attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.
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