2. Summary of Material Accounting Policies
2.1 Statement of Compliance
The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) as prescribed under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act"), read with the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended from time to time and other provisions of the Act to the extent notified and applicable.
2.2 Basis of Preparation & Presentation
These financial statements have been prepared and presented under historical cost basis, except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair values or at amortised cost at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below.
Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between the market participants at the measurement date.
The statement of financial position (including statement of changes in equity) and the statement of profit and loss are prepared and presented in the format prescribed in Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013. The cash flow statement has been prepared under indirect method and presented as per the requirements of Ind AS 7 "Cash Flow Statements". The disclosure requirements with respect to items in the balance sheet and statement of profit and loss, as prescribed in Schedule III to the Act, are presented by way of notes forming part of accounts along with the other notes required to be disclosed under the notified Accounting Standards.
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or noncurrent as per the Company's normal operating cycle and other criteria as set out under Ind AS and in the Schedule III to the Act. Based on the nature of the services and their realisation in Cash and Cash Equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.
Accounting policies have been consistently applied except where a newly-issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.
The Company's financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees ('), which is also its functional currency. All amounts have been rounded off to the nearest lakhs unless otherwise indicated. Per share data are presented in Indian Rupees.
2.3 Key Accounting Estimate and Judgements
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions in the application of accounting policies that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities, disclosures relating to contingent liabilities as at date of financial statements and reported statement of Revenue and expense for the period presented. Management believes that the estimates used in the preparation of the financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised prospectively.
The areas involving critical estimates or judgements pertaining to in the respect of percentage of completion of contracts and recognition of probable loss, useful lives of property, plant and equipment, provision for income tax and valuation of deferred tax assets, fair value measurements and other provisions and contingent liabilities. Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated. They are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that may have a financial impact on the Company and that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.
Percentage of completion of contracts
The Company uses the percentage of completion method using the input (cost expended) method to measure progress towards completion in respect of fixed price contracts. Percentage of completion method relies on estimates of total expected contract revenue and costs. This method is followed where reasonable dependable estimate of the revenue and costs applicable to various elements of the contract can be made. Key factors reviewed to estimate the future costs to complete include estimates of future manpower costs and productivity efficiency. These estimates are assessed continually during the term of the contracts and the recognised revenue and profit are subject to revision as the contract progresses to completion. When estimates indicate that a loss will be incurred, the loss is provided for in the period in which the loss becomes probable. (The policy for the same has been explained under Note 2.4)
Useful lives of property, plant and equipment
The Company reviews the useful life and residual value of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. This reassessment may result in change in depreciation expense in future periods. (The policy for the same has been explained under Note 2.5)
Income Taxes
The Company provides for tax considering the applicable tax regulations and based on probable estimates. The recognition of deferred tax assets is based on estimate of sufficient taxable profits in the Company against which such assets can be utilized. (The policy for the same has been explained under Note 2.9)
Provisions and contingent liabilities
Provision is recognised when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions and contingent liabilities are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. (The policy for the same has been explained under Note 2.18)
FairValue Measurements
When the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities recorded or disclosed in the Financial Statements cannot be measured at quoted price in the active markets, their fair value is measured using the valuation techniques. The input to these valuation techniques are taken from observable markets, wherever possible, but where these is not feasible, a degree of judgment is required in establishing fair values. The policy for the same has been explained under Note 2.20 and Note 2.21)
4 Revenue Recognition
Revenue from software development and consulting services is recognized either on time and material basis or fixed price basis, as the case may be. Revenue on time and material and job contracts is recognized as and when the related
services are performed (units delivered, efforts expended, number of transactions processed etc.) and Unbilled revenue is accounted on estimate basis in respect of contracts where the contractual right to consideration is based on completion of contractual milestones and other technical measurements. revenue from the end of last invoicing to reporting date is recognized as unbilled revenue. Invoicing in excess of revenues are recognized as unearned revenues. Revenue on fixed price contracts is recognized where performance obligations are satisfied over time and there is no uncertainty as to measurement or collectability of consideration on the percentage of completion method. Efforts and costs expended have been used to measure progress towards completion since there is direct relationship between input and productivity. Revenue recongnised for any fee or commission to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for arranging for the other party to provide its goods or services.
Revenue from sale of licenses / hardware, where the customer obtains a "right to use" the licenses / hardware is recognized at the point in time when the related license / hardware is made available to the customer. Revenue from licenses / hardware where the customer obtains a "right to access" is recognized over the access period.
Arrangements to deliver software products generally have three elements: license, implementation and annual maintenance. In accordance with the principles of Ind AS 115, when implementation services are provided in conjunction with the licensing arrangement, the license and implementation have been identified as two separate performance obligations. The transaction price for such contracts are allocated to each performance obligations based on their respective selling prices. Maintenance revenue in respect of software products and other products/ equipment is recognised on pro rata basis over the period of the underlying maintenance agreement. Revenue is net of discounts/ price incentives which are estimated and accounted based on the terms of the contracts and excludes applicable indirect taxes.
Revenue from leasing income is recognised on pro-rata basis over the period of the contract.
Unearned and deferred revenue represents contractual billings/money received in excess of revenue recognised as per the terms of the contract.
Dividend income is recognised when the Company's right to receive payment is established.
Interest income is recognised on a time proportion basis using effective interest rate method.
2.5 Property, Plant and Equipment
Property plant and equipment (PPE) are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses if any. Cost includes expenditure directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset and cost incurred for bringing the asset to its present location and condition for its intended use.
Property, plant and equipment which are not ready for intended use as on the date of Balance Sheet are disclosed as "Capital work-in-progress" and are stated at cost.
Depreciation is provided on a pro-rata basis on the straight line method based on estimated useful life prescribed under Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 with the exception of the following:
i. Computers is depreciated in 6 years and certain assets of Plant and machinery and Computers used for the projects is depreciated over its project useful life.
ii. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the period of lease term or useful life, whichever is lower.
iii. Assets given on lease are depreciated over the shorter of lease term or their useful lives.
iv. Individual assets costing up to Rupees five thousand are depreciated in full in the period of purchase.
The residual values, useful lives and method of depreciation of PPE is reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively,
2.6 Intangible Assets
Separately purchased intangible assets are initially measured at cost. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recognised at fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequently, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either finite or indefinite. The assessment of indefinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the indefinite life continues, if not, it is impaired or changed prospectively basis revised estimates.
Finite-life intangible assets are amortised on a straight line basis over the period of their expected useful lives. The amortisation period and the amortisation method for finite-life intangible assets is reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate. The estimated useful lives of the Software in the range between 5 to 10 years and Software used for the projects is amortised over its project useful lives.
Expenditure on development cost eligible for capitalisation are carried as intangible assets under development where such assets are not yet ready for their intended use.
Goodwill is initially recognised based on the accounting policy for business combinations. These assets are not amortised but are tested for impairment annually.
2.7 Leases
The Company as a lessee
The Company's lease asset classes primarily consist of leases for Lease hold Improvements and Buildings. The Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease, at inception of a contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether:
(i) the contract involves the use of an identified asset
(ii) the Company has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease and
(iii) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.
(iv) the Company has the right to operate the asset; or
(v) the Company designed the assets in a way that predetermined how and for what purpose it will be used.
At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognises a right-of-use asset ("ROU") and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for leases with a term of twelve months or less (shortterm leases) and leases of low value assets. For these shortterm and leases of low value assets, the Company recognises the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
The right-of-use assets are initially recognised at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located less any lease incentives received. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Right-of-use assets are depreciated from the commencement date on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset.
The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the incremental borrowing rates. The lease liability is subsequently remeasured by increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability, reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made.
A lease liability is remeasured upon the occurrence of certain events such as a change in the lease term or a change in an index or rate used to determine lease payments. The remeasurement normally also adjusts the leased assets.
Lease liability and ROU asset have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.
The Company as a lessor
Leases under which the Company is a lessor are classified as finance or operating leases. Lease contracts where all the risks and rewards are substantially transferred to the lessee, the lease contracts are classified as finance leases. All other leases are classified as operating leases.
For leases under which the Company is an intermediate lessor, the Company accounts for the head-lease and the sub-lease as two separate contracts. The sub-lease is further classified either as a finance lease or an operating lease by reference to the RoU asset arising from the head-lease.
2.8 Inventories
Inventories include traded goods and are valued at lower of cost or net realisable value. Cost of inventories comprises all costs of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventory to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis.
Cost of finished goods and work-in-progress include all costs of purchases, conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. The net realisable value of finished goods is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
2.9 Income Taxes
I ncome tax expense for the year comprises of current tax and deferred tax. Income Tax is recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in the comprehensive income or in equity. In which case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or equity. Foreign branches recognize current tax and deferred tax liabilities and assets in accordance with the applicable local laws.
Current tax is the expected tax payable/receivable on the taxable income/ loss for the year using applicable tax rates at the Balance Sheet date, and any adjustment to taxes in respect of previous years. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax return with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding tax base used for computation of taxable Income.
A deferred tax Assets/ liability is recognised based on the expected manner of realisation or settlement of the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, using tax rates enacted, or substantively enacted, by the end of the reporting period. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the asset can be utilised. Deferred tax assets arereviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised.
Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in OCI or in equity).
Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle the asset and the liability on a net basis. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities; and the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority.
Tax on income for the current period is determined on the basis of taxable income and tax credits computed in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act,1961 and based on the expected outcome of assessments/appeals.
The Company uses estimates and judgements based on the relevant rulings in the areas of allowances and disallowances which are exercised while determining the provision for income tax.
2.10 Borrowing Costs
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.
2.11 Foreign Currency Transactions
Transactions in foreign currency are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of transactions. Net exchange gain or loss resulting in respect of foreign exchange transactions settled during the year is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currency which are outstanding as at the year-end, are translated at the year-end at the closing rate and the resultant exchange differences are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the year in which they arise.
Non-monetary foreign currency items are carried at cost.
2.12 Assets Held for Sale
Non-current assets or disposal groups comprising of assets and liabilities are classified as '' when all the following criteria are met: (i) decision has been made to sell, (ii) the assets are available for immediate sale in its present condition, (iii) the assets are being actively marketed and (iv) sale has been agreed or is expected to be concluded within 12 months of the Balance Sheet date. Subsequently, such non-current assets and disposal groups classified as 'held for sale' are measured at the lower of its carrying value and fair value less costs to sell. Non-current assets held for sale are not depreciated or amortised.
2.13 Discontinued Operations
A discontinued operation is a component of the Company's business that represents a separate line of business that has been disposed of or is held for sale, or is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale. Classification as a discontinued operation occurs upon the earlier of disposal or when the operation meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale.
2.14 Employee Benefits
i. Short-term employee benefits
Employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of availing employee service are classified as short-term employee benefits. This benefits includes salaries and wages, bonus and ex- gratia and compensated absences. The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits to be paid in exchange of employees services are recognised in the period in which the employee renders the related service.
ii. Long term employee benefits Defined contribution plans
A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays specified contributions to a separate entity and has no obligation to pay any further amounts. The Company makes specified monthly contributions towards Provident Fund and Employees State Insurance Corporation ('ESIC'). The Company's contribution is recognised as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss during the period in which employee renders the related service.
Defined benefit plans
The Company's gratuity benefit scheme is a defined benefit plan. The Company's net obligation in respect of a defined benefit plan is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value, and the fair value of any plan assets is deducted.
The present value of the obligation under such defined benefit plan is determined based on actuarial valuation using the Projected Unit Credit Method, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.
The obligation is measured at the present value of the estimated future cash flows. The discount rates used for determining the present value of the obligation under defined benefit plan, are based on the market yields on Government securities as at the Balance Sheet date.
When the calculation results in a benefit to the Company, the recognised asset is limited to the net total of any unrecognised actuarial losses and past service costs and the present value of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan.
Actuarial gains and losses are recognized immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Remeasurement which comprise of actuarial gain and losses, the return of plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest) are recognised in OCI. Plan Assets of Defined Benefit Plans have been measured at fair value.
2.15 Employee's Stock Options Plan
In respect of stock options granted pursuant to the Company's Employee Stock Option Scheme, fair value of the options as at grant date is treated as discount and accounted as employee compensation cost over the vesting period. Employee compensation cost recognised earlier on grant of options is reversed in the period when the options are surrendered by any employee or lapsed as per the terms of the scheme.
2.16 Share Based Payments
Equity-settled share based payments to employees and others providing similar services are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. The fair value determined at the grant date of the equity- settled share based payments is expensed on a straight line basis over the vesting period, based on the Company's estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest, with a corresponding increase in equity. At the end of each reporting period, the Company revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss such that the cumulative expenses reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to the Share Based Payments Reserve.
The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share.
2.17 Earnings Per Share (EPS)
In determining Earnings per Share, the Company considers net profit after tax attributable to equity shareholders and includes post tax effect of any exceptional item. Number of shares used in computing basic earnings per share is the weighted average number of the shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive earning per share is computed and disclosed after adjusting effect of all dilutive potential equity shares, if any, except when result will be anti - dilutive. Dilutive potential equity Shares are deemed converted as at the beginning of the period, unless issued at a later date.
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