Background
B & A Limited is a Company limited by shares, incorporated and domiciled in India. The Company is engaged in cultivation, manufacture and sale of tea.
Note 1 - Material Accounting Policy Information
1.1. Statement of Compliance
These financial statements comply, in all material aspects, with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind ASs) notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (the “Act”). The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the relevant presentational requirements of the Act.
1.2. Basis of Preparation
These financial statements have been prepared on accrual and going concern basis, in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in India under the historical cost convention, except for the following:-
a. certain financial assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value,
b. assets and liabilities acquired/ assumed in business combinations, which have been measured and recognised at fair value as on the date of acquisition or assumption,
c. biological assets, including unplucked green leaves which have been measured at fair value less cost to sell, if any and
d. defined employee benefit plans which have been measured at fair value.
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Company's normal operating cycle and other criteria as set out in Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013. For the purpose of this classification, the Company has ascertained that the time between acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents does not exceed 12 months.
1.3. Property, Plant and Equipment
With the exception of assets (including Capital-work-in-progress) acquired in a business combination, which is stated at fair value on the date of acquisition. Property, plant and equipment is stated at historical cost net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss, if any. Historical cost includes expenditure that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the items, including borrowing costs in case of qualifying assets. Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other expenses for repairs and maintenance are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss during the period in which they are incurred.
Gains or losses arising on retirement or disposal of property, plant and equipment are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Property, plant and equipment which are not ready for their intended use as on the date of Balance Sheet are disclosed as “Capital Work-in-Progress”.
Depreciation is provided under straight line method based on estimated useful life prescribed under Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 with the following exceptions:-
a. buildings are depreciated over a range of 3 to 65 years and
b. plant and machineries are depreciated over a range of 15 to 35 years,
based on the technical evaluation of useful life.
Depreciation on bearer plants is provided under straight line method based on an estimated life of 80 years. Such life is estimated by the management based on previous experience. Bearer plants are depreciated from the date they are ready for commercial harvest, pending which they are accounted for under Capital Work-in-Progress.
Freehold land is not depreciated. Leasehold land is also not depreciated as the lease is renewed upon expiry of the lease period.Ind AS 116 “Lease” is not applicable to the Company in as much as the lease in respect of its leasehold-land is perpetual in nature.
The residual values and useful lives of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
1.4. Intangible Assets
Intangible assets comprises of computer software. Costs associated with maintaining software programmes are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred. Cost of purchased software is recorded as intangible assets and is amortised from the point at which they are put to use. The amortisation is made on a straight line basis over an estimated useful life of 3 years.
1.5. Investment in Subsidiaries
Investment in subsidiaries is carried at cost less accumulated impairment loss, if any.
1.6. Inventories
Inventories of Stores and Spares and Finished Goods are stated at cost or net realisable value whichever is lower. Cost of Finished Goods comprises of cost of direct material, direct labour and appropriate portion of variable and fixed overhead expenditure. Cost of inventories also includes other costs incurred in bringing the same to their present location. Cost of items of Stores and Spares is determined under weighted average method. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business as reduced by estimated cost to sell.
1.7. Biological Assets (Other than Bearer Plants)
Standing leaves on tea bushes at the end of the reporting period, which are expected to be plucked within the next plucking round, are measured at fair value less cost to sell.
1.8. Deferred Expenditure
It includes costs incurred on nursery plants that are to be used in future for infilling.
1.9. Cash and Cash Equivalents
For the purpose of presentation in the Statement of Cash Flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, balance with banks in current accounts, any remittance in transit and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings under current liabilities in the Balance Sheet.
1.10. Financial Assets
Initial Recognition and Measurement
Financial assets are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of a financial instrument. On initial recognition, a financial asset is recognised at fair value along with related transaction costs where such financial assets are not measured at Fair Value Through Profit or Loss (FVTPL). However, where a financial asset is measured at FVTPL on initial recognition, related transaction costs are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Subsequent Measurement
For subsequent measurement the Company classifies its financial assets into the following categories, based on facts and circumstances:-
a. Amortised Cost
b. Fair Value Through Other Comprehensive Income (FVTOCI)
c. Fair Value Through Profit or Loss (FVTPL) Reclassification
Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their recognition unless the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets in the reporting period.
Impairment
The Company measures the expected credit loss associated with its financial assets based
on historical trend, industry practices and the business environment in which the entity operates or any other appropriate basis. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk. Loss on impairment is recognised in the year in which the impairment becomes certain beyond reasonable doubt.
De-recognition
Financial assets are derecognised when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial assets expire, or the Company transfers the contractual rights to receive the cash flows from the asset, or the Company has not retained control over the financial asset. Therefore, if the asset is one which is measured at:-
a. amortised cost, the gain or loss is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss, and
b. fair value through other comprehensive income, the cumulative fair value adjustments previously taken to reserves are classified to the Statement of Profit and Loss unless the asset represents an equity investment in which case the cumulative fair value adjustments previously taken to reserves are reclassified within equity.
Income Recognition
Interest income is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss using the effective interest rate method. Dividend income is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the right to receive dividend is established.
Trade Receivables and Loans
Trade receivables and loans are initially recognised at fair value. Subsequently, these assets are held at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method (when time value of money is material) net of any expected credit losses. The effective interest rate is the rate that discounts estimated future cash income
through the expected life of a financial instrument.
Equity Instruments
The Company measures all its investments in equity instruments, except for those in subsidiaries, at FVTOCI. Fair value gains and losses are recognised in Other Comprehensive Income. Such fair value gains or losses will not be reclassified to Profit or Loss.
1.11. Financial Liabilities
Borrowings, trade payables and other financial liabilities are initially recognised at the value of the respective contractual obligations. They are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Any discount or premium on redemption/settlement is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as finance cost over the life of the financial liability using effective interest method and adjusted to the liability figure disclosed in the Balance Sheet. Financial liabilities are derecognised when the liability is extinguished i.e. when the contractual obligation is discharged, cancelled or expired.
1.12. Offsetting Financial Instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is included in the Balance Sheet where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
1.13. Impairment of Non-financial Assets
Assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairment loss, if any, is provided to the extent, the carrying amount of the asset or cash generating unit exceeds their recoverable amount.
Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's net selling price and the present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset or cash generating unit and from its disposal at the end of its useful life.
Impairment losses recognised in prior years are reversed when there is an indication that the impairment losses recognised no longer exist or have decreased. Such reversals are recognised as an increase in the carrying amount of the assets to the extent it does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of depreciation or amortization) had no impairment loss been recognised in previous years.
1.14. Government Grants
Government grants are recognised at their fair value where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and the Company will comply with the conditions attached.
Government grants relating to income are deferred and recognised in the profit or loss over the period necessary to match them with the cost that they are intended to compensate and presented within other operating income.
Government grants relating to the acquisition or construction of property, plant and equipment are included in the Balance Sheet as deferred income and recognised as income in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the useful life of the related item of property, plant and equipment and presented within other nonoperating income.
1.15. Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are measured at the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the Balance Sheet date.
If the effect of time value of money is material, provisions are discounted to reflect its present
value using a current pre-tax rate that reflects the current market assessments of time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to passage of time is recognised as finance cost.
Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company, or when a present obligation arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.
Contingent assets are not recognised but disclosed when an inflow of economic benefits is probable.
1.16. Claims not acknowledged as Debts
Claims against the Company not acknowledged as debts are disclosed after a careful evaluation of the facts and legal aspects of the matter involved.
1.17. Dividends
Interim dividend is recognised in the period in which it is approved by the Board of Directors and final dividend in the period in which it is approved by the Shareholders.
1.18. Income Taxes
Income tax expenses for the year comprise of current tax and deferred tax. Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year using the applicable tax rates. Any adjustment to taxes in respect of previous years is recognised and disclosed separately under Tax expenses. Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes.
A deferred tax liability is recognised based on the expected manner of realisation or settlement of the carrying amount of assets or liabilities, using tax rates enacted, or substantively enacted, by the end of the reporting period. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the asset can be utilised. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced by the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised.
Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle the assets and liabilities on a net basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are set off when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities in future; and deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same taxation authority.
1.19. Employee Benefits
Short -Term Employee Benefits
These are recognised at the undiscounted amount as expense for the year in which the related service is rendered.
Post-Employment Benefit Plans
The Company makes defined contributions to a provident fund scheme, which is recognised as expense.
The cost of providing benefits under the Company's defined benefit gratuity plan is calculated by independent actuary using the projected unit credit method. Service costs and interest expense are reflected in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Actuarial gains or losses are recognised in full under Other Comprehensive Income.
1.20. Revenue Recognition
Revenue from sale of goods is recognised when
- all the significant risks and rewards of ownership in the goods are transferred to the buyer,
- there is no continuing managerial involvement with the goods,
- the amount of revenue can be measured reliably and
- it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the Company.
Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Amounts disclosed as revenue are net of goods and service tax and sales returns.
Revenue from financial assets has been dealt with in Note 1.10.
1.21. Borrowing Costs
Interest and other borrowing costs attributable to qualifying assets are capitalised. Other interest and borrowing costs are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss.
1.22. Research and Development
Contribution to Tea Research Association is charged to revenue.
1.23. Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing:- the profit / loss attributable to owners of the Company
- by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the financial year.
Diluted earnings per share adjusts the figures used in determination of basic earnings per share to take into account:- the after-income tax effect of interest and other financing costs associated with dilutive potential equity shares, and
- the weighted average number of additional equity shares that would have been
outstanding assuming the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.
1.24. Rounding Off
All amounts disclosed in the financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest lakh or decimals thereof as per the requirement of Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013, unless otherwise stated.
Note 2 - Critical Estimates and Judgements
The areas involving critical estimates and judgements
are:-
• Taxation (Refer Note Nos. 17, 23, 38 and 39)
The Company is engaged in agricultural activities and is also subject to tax liability under Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 and Assam Agricultural Income Tax Act, 1939. Significant judgement is involved in determining the tax liability for the Company. Further, there are many transactions and calculations during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Further judgement is involved in determining the deferred tax position on the balance sheet date.
• Depreciation and amortisation (Refer Note Nos. 3, 5 and 36)
Depreciation and amortisation is based on management estimates of the future useful
lives of the property, plant and equipment and intangible assets. Estimates may change due to technological developments, competition, changes in market conditions and other factors and may result in changes in the estimated useful life and in the depreciation and amortisation charges.
• Actuarial Valuation for Employee Benefits
(Refer Note No. 42.1)
The determination of Company's liability towards defined benefit obligation to employees on account of gratuity is made through independent actuarial valuation including determination of amounts to be recognised in Profit and Loss and Other Comprehensive Income. Such valuation depends upon assumptions determined after taking into account inflation, seniority, promotion and other relevant factors. Information about such valuation is provided in notes to the financial statements.
• Provisions and Contingencies (Refer Note No. 42.4)
Provisions and contingencies are based on the Management's best estimate of the liabilities based on the facts known at the balance sheet date.
• Fair Value of Biological Assets (Refer Note No. 11)
The fair value of biological assets is determined based on recent transactions entered into with third parties or available market price.
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