1A. Material accounting policies:
This note provides a list of the material accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these standalone financial statements. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
(a) Basis of preparation
(i) Compliance with Ind AS
These standalone financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 from time to time.
The standalone financials statements are presented in INR and all values are rounded to the nearest million (INR 000,000), except when otherwise indicated.
The Company prepared the standalone financial statements on the basis that it will continue to operate as a going concern.
(ii) Historical cost convention
The standalone financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following:
• Certain financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value.
• Defined benefit plans- plan assets measured at fair value.
(iii) Current versus non-current classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the Balance Sheet based on current/non-current classification.
An asset is treated as current when it is:
• Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle.
• Held primarily for the purpose of trading
• Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• Cash or cash equivalents unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is current when,
• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle
• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading
• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period
The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities respectively.
The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.
(b) Interest Income
Interest income is accrued over the period of the loan / investment.
(c) Dividends
Dividends are recognized in profit or loss only when the right to receive payment is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Company, and the amount of the dividend can be measured reliably.
(d) Taxes Current tax
Current tax is the amount of tax payable based on the taxable profit for the year as determined in accordance with the applicable tax rates and the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The management periodically evaluates positions taken in returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to tax authorities.
Deferred Tax
Deferred tax is provided using the balance sheet approach on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:
• When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss
• In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:
• When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary differences arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss
• In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been
enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Current and deferred taxes are recognized in the statement of profit and loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
(e) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consists of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts and cash credit facilities as they are considered an integral part of the Company's cash management.
(f) Investment in associates and jointly controlled companies
Investment in associates and jointly controlled companies are accounted at cost less accumulated impairment.
(g) Fair value measurement
The Company measures financial instruments at fair value on initial recognition.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
• In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
• In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the standalone financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level inputs that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
• Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities
• Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable.
• Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is un-observable.
For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the standalone financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization at the end of each reporting period.
External valuers are involved for valuation of significant assets, such as unquoted financial assets. Involvement of external valuers is decided upon annually by the management. Selection criteria include market knowledge, reputation, independence and whether professional standards are maintained. The management decides, after discussions with the Company's external valuers, which valuation techniques and inputs to use for each case.
For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.
(h) Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another equity.
(i) Financial assets
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.
Subsequent measurement
For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in three categories:
• Financial assets at amortized cost
• Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
• Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
Financial assets at amortized cost:
A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if both following conditions are met:
• The financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows, and
• The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included in other income in the statement of profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
A financial asset is measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if both of the following criteria are met:
• the financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets, and
• The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, such financial assets, until they are derecognized or reclassified, are subsequently measured at fair value and recognized in other comprehensive income except for interest income, gain/ loss on impairment, gain/loss on foreign exchange which is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
A financial asset is measured at fair value through profit or loss unless it is measured at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income.
In addition, the Company may elect to classify a financial asset, which otherwise meets amortized cost or fair value through other comprehensive income criteria, as at fair value through profit or loss. However, such selection is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as 'accounting mismatch').
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value in the statement _of profit and loss.
De-recognition of financial assets A financial asset is de-recognized when:
• the contractual rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset have expired, or
• The Company has transferred its contractual rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a pass-through arrangement and either
(a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset or
(b) The Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
Impairment of financial assets
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:
• Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortized cost e.g. loans, debt-securities, deposits, trade receivables and bank balance
• Financial assets that are debt instruments and are measured as at FVTOCI
The Company follows 'simplified approach' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables.
The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognizes impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.
For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognizing impairment loss allowance based on 12-month ECL.
Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.
ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Company expects to receive (i.e., all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:
• All contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension, call and similar options) over the expected life of the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated reliably, then the Company is required to use the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument.
• Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.
ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income/expense in the statement of profit and loss. This amount is reflected under the head "Other Expenses" in the statement of profit and loss.
The Balance sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:
• Financial assets measured as at amortized cost.
ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e., as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-offs criteria, the Company does not de-recognize impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.
The Company does not have any purchased or originated credit-impaired (POCI) financial assets, i.e., financial assets which are credit impaired on purchase/origination.
(j) De-recognition of financial liabilities
A financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) is de-recognized from its balance sheet when, and only when, it is extinguished i.e., when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expired.
When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the de-recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
(k) Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the company or the counterparty.
(l) Investment Property
Property that is held for long- term rental yields or for capital appreciation or both, and that is not occupied by the Company, is classified as investment property. Investment property is measured initially at its cost, including related transaction costs and where applicable borrowing costs. Subsequent expenditure is capitalized to the asset's carrying amount only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repairs and maintenance costs are expensed when incurred. When part of an investment property is replaced, the carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized.
Investment property are depreciated using straight line method over their estimated useful lives. Transition to Ind AS
On transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its investment properties recognized as at 1 April 2017 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of investment properties.
(m) Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost of acquisition or construction net of accumulated depreciation and impairment loss (if any). All significant costs relating to the acquisition and installation of property, plant and equipment are capitalized. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the property, plant and equipment and borrowings costs for long term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection/ relining is performed, its cost is recognized in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognized in statement of profit and loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.
Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount as recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for a separate asset is derecognized when replaced.
The identified components are depreciated over their useful lives; the remaining asset is depreciated over the life of the principal asset.
Depreciation on additions is provided from the beginning of the month in which the asset is put to use.
Depreciation on assets sold, discarded or demolished during the year is being provided at their respective rates on pro-rata basis up to the end of the month prior to the month in which such assets are sold, discarded or demolished.
The useful lives have been determined based on those specified by Schedule II to the Companies Act,2013. The residual values are not more than 5% of the original cost of the asset.
Depreciation is charged on the basis of useful life of assets on straight line method for furniture & fixtures & on WDV method for car and computer.
An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de-recognition of the asset is included in the standalone statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.
The residual values, useful lives, and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year.
Transition to Ind AS
On transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its property, plant and equipment recognized as at April 1, 2017 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of the property, plant and equipment.
(n) Impairment of non-financial assets
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, the Company estimates the asset's recoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's or cash-generating unit's (CGU) fair vale less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or group of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pretax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.
Impairment losses including impairment on inventories are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
Previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset's recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of asset does not exceed its recoverable amount. Such reversal is recognized in statement of profit and loss.
(o) Trade and other payables
These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the Company prior to the end of financial year which are unpaid. Trade and other payables are unsecured and are presented as current liabilities unless payment is not due within operating cycle determined by the Company after the reporting period. They are recognized initially at their fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
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