1 Corporate Information

Duncan Engineering Limited is a manufacturer of fluid power and automation products. The Company has its manufacturing unit & registered office at F-33, MIDC, Ranjangaon, Karegaon, Taluka Shirur, Dist. Pune: 412220 (near Pune City). The Company is a Public Limited Company and is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).

The financial statements (hereinafter referred to as "Financial Statements") of the Company for the year ended March 31,2024 were approved and authorised for issue by the Board of Directors at their meeting held on May 15, 2024.

2 Basis of accounting and preparation of Financial Statements

a) Statement of compliance and basis of preparation

The Financial Statements of the Company,are prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) under the historical cost convention on the accrual basis.The Ind AS are prescribed under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013("the Act"), and the relevant provisions thereof.

Accounting policies have been consistently applied except where a newly issued Accounting Standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing Accounting Standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use. The Company has prepared these Financial Statements as per the format prescribed in Division II of Schedule III to the Act.

b) Basis of measurement

The financial statements have been prepared on historical cost basis, except for following:

i. Financial assets and liabilities that is measured at Fair value/ Amortised cost; ((refer material accounting policy d (i) to (vi))

ii. Non-current assets held for sale - measured at the lower of the carrying amounts and fair value less cost to sell;

iii. Defined benefit plans - plan assets measured at fair value. ((refer material accounting policy h (2) (i) to (ii))

iv. Investment in bonds and mutual funds measured at fair value/Amortised cost ((refer material accounting policy d (i) to (vi))

v. Derivative financial instruments ((refer material accounting policy d (v))

c) Functional and presentation currency

Items included in the financial statements of the Company are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates (“the functional currency"). The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupee (‘INR’), which is the Company’s functional currency and all the values are rounded off to the nearest Lakhs , except number of shares , face value of shares , earning per share or wherever otherwise indicated

d) Current or Non current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification. An asset is classified as current when it is:

i. Expected to be realized or intended to sold or consumed in normal operating cycle;

ii. Held primarily for the purpose of trading;

iii. Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period; or

iv. Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All the other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

i. It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle;

ii. It is held primarily for the purpose of trading;

iii. It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period; or

iv. There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current. Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities respectively.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle."

e) Use of judgements and estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires the Management to make judgement, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities and contingent assets at the date of the financial statements and the results of operations during the reporting period. Although these estimates are based upon the Management’s best knowledge of current events and actions, actual results could differ from these estimates. Difference between the actual results and estimates are recognized in the period in which the results are known / materialized. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

Application of accounting policies that require critical accounting estimates and assumption judgements having the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the financial statements are:

Recognition and measurement of defined benefit obligations :-

The cost of the leave encashment, defined benefit plan and other post-employment benefits and the present value of such obligation are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future salary increases, mortality rates and attrition rate. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation."

Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets :-

The useful life and residual value of plant, property equipment and intangible assets are determined based on technical evaluation made by the management of the expected usage of the asset, the physical wear and tear and technical or commercial obsolescence of the asset. Due to the judgements involved in such estimations, the useful life and residual value are sensitive to the actual usage in future period. The management evaluates and reviews the pattern of expected economic benefits from the asset along with commensurate method of depreciation on periodic basis and decides to follow suitable method of charging depreciation."

Provision for litigations and contingencies :-

The provision for litigations and contingencies are determined based on evaluation made by the management of the present obligation arising from past events the settlement of which is expected to result in outflow of resources embodying economic benefits, which involves judgements around estimating the ultimate outcome of such past events and measurement of the obligation amount."

3 Material accounting policies

The Company has consistently applied the following accounting policies to all periods presented in the financial statements.

a) Property, plant and equipment

i) Recognition and measurement

Property, plant and equipment are measured at cost, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Cost of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates, any directly attributable cost of bringing the item to its working condition for its intended use and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

The cost of a self-constructed property, plant and equipment comprises the cost of materials and direct labour, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the item to working condition for its intended use, and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Interest on borrowings used to finance the construction of qualifying assets are capitalized as part of cost of the asset until such time that the asset is ready for its intended use. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of the asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met.

If significant parts of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment. The cost of replacing part of an item of property, plant and equipment are recognised in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied within the part will flow to the Company and its cost can be measured reliably. The costs of all other repairs and maintenance are recognised in the Statement of Profit & Loss as incurred.

Capital work-in-progress includes cost of property, plant and equipment under installation / under development as at the balance sheet date. Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each balance sheet date is classified as capital advances under other noncurrent assets.

Property, plant and equipment is derecognised when no future economic benefit are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset or upon disposal. Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

ii) Depreciation & Amortisation

Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is provided on the Straight Line Method based on the useful life of assets as prescribed under Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013. The identified components are depreciated over their useful life, the remaining asset is depreciated over the life of principal assets, except :

Buildings including Factory Buildings and Roads : 3-60 years

Plant & Equipment (Including Components & Laboratory Equipment) : 3-15 years

Electrical Installations : 2-10 years

Furniture and Fixtures : 10 years

Air Conditioners and coolers : 10 years

Office Equipment : 3 - 10 years

Motor Vehicles : 5 years

Computer and Servers & Networks : 3 - 6 years

Lease hold land held on long term are likely to be continued are considered as finance lease, and Leasehold land which do not involve substantial subsequent cash flows are amortised over the period. Buildings constructed on Leasehold land are depreciated based on the useful life prescribed in the Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 or balance useful life of leasehold land whichever is lower

Property Plant and Equipment purchased for value not exceeding Rs. 5000/- is fully depreciated in the year of purchase.

Depreciation on additions to or on disposal of assets is calculated on pro-rata basis i.e. from (upto) the date on which the property, plant and equipment is available for use (disposed off).

The Company, based on technical assessment made by technical expert and management estimate, depreciates these items of property, plant and equipment less than estimated useful lives which are different from the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. The management believes that these estimated useful lives are realistic and reflect fair approximation of the period over which the assets are likely to be used

b) Intangible assets

i) Recognition and measurement Intangible Assets Acquired Separately

Intangible assets that are acquired by the Company are measured at cost, less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Subsequent to initial recognition, the assets are measured at cost, less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Subsequent expenditures are capitalized only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which they relate.

All other intangible assets are tested for impairment when there are indications that the carrying value may not be recoverable. All impairment losses are recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

An intangible asset is derecognised when no future economic benefit are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset or upon disposal. Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of intangible assets is recognised in profit or loss.

ii) Amortisation

Amortization is recognised in the income statement on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets or on any other basis that reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the entity. Intangible assets that are not available for use are amortized from the date they are available for use.

The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Software : 3- 5 years

The amortization period and the amortization method for intangible assets are reviewed at each reporting date.

c) Impairment of non-financial assets

At each reporting date, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets to determine whether there is any indication on impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated.

The recoverable amount of an asset or a cash generating unit is higher of its fair value less cost of disposal and value in use . Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.

An impairment loss is recognised if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

In respect of assets for which impairment loss has been recognised in prior periods, the company reviews at each reporting date whether there is any indication that the loss has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. Such a reversal is made only to the extent that the assets carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined net of depreciation or amortisation, if no impairment loss had been recognised.

After impairment, depreciation is provided on the revised carrying amount of the assets over its remaining useful life.

d) Financial Instruments

i) Initial recognition

The Company recognises financial assets and financial liabilities when it becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments. All financial assets and liabilities are recognised at fair value on initial recognition, except for trade receivables which are initially measured at transaction price. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities, that are not at fair value through profit or loss, are added to the fair value on initial recognition. Regular way purchase and sale of financial assets are accounted for at trade date.

ii) Subsequent measurement

(a) Financial assets carried at amortised cost

A financial asset is subsequently measured at amortised cost by applying the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) Method to gross carrying amount of the financial asset, if it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold the asset in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. When the financial asset is derecognised or impaired, the gain or loss is recognised in the Statement of profit and loss.

(b) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

Equity instruments are subsequently measured at fair value. On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in OCI (designated as FVOCI - equity investment). This election is made on an investment by investment basis. Fair value gains and losses recognised in OCI are not reclassified to profit and loss.

(c) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets which is not classified in any of the above categories are subsequently fair valued through profit or loss.

(d) Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method. For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the Balance Sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.

(e) Reclassification of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

The Company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial liabilities. For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change in the business model for managing those assets. If the company reclassifies financial assets, it applies the reclassification prospectively from the reclassification date which is the first day of the immediately next reporting period following the change in business model. The Company does not restate any previously recognised gains, losses (including impairment gains or losses) or interest.

iii) Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its assets carried at amortised cost and FVOCI debt instruments. Except Trade receivables, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month Expected Credit Loss (ECL), unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk from initial recognition, in which case those are measured at lifetime ECL.

With regard to trade receivable, the Company applies the simplified approach , which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from the initial recognition of the trade receivables.

iv) Derecognition Financial Assets

Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control of the financial asset.

If the company enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised on its balance sheet, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognised.

Financial Liabilities

The company derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.

v) Derivative financial instruments

The company uses derivative instruments as a part of its management of exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The company does not acquire or issue derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.The company does not enter into complex derivative transactions to manage the treasury.

All derivative financial instruments are recognised as assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and measured at fair value, generally based on quotation obtained from banks/financial institutions. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instruments depends on the intended use of the derivatives and the resulting designation.

The fair values of all derivatives are separately recorded in the balance sheet within current and non current assets and liabilities. Derivatives that are designated as hedges are classified as current and non current depending upon the maturity of the derivatives.

The use of derivative can give rise to credit and market risk. The company tries to control credit risk as far as possible by only entering into the contract with reputable banks/ financial institution. The use of derivative instrument is subject to limits, authorities and regular monitoring by appropriate levels of management. The limits, authorities and monitoring systems are periodically reviewed by the management and board. The market risk on derivatives are mitigated by changes in the valuation of the underlying assets, liabilities or transactions, as derivatives are used only for risk management purposes."

(vi) Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the balance sheet when, and only when, the company has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

e) Fair value measurement

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using other valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.

Fair values for measurement and/ or disclosure purposes are categorised into Level 1,2 or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows:

Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

f) Inventories

Inventories are valued at lower of Cost and Net Realisable value. The cost of finished goods is determined by taking material, labour and related factory overheads. Cost is determined on weighted average cost. Further the cost for Work-in-Progress includes material cost, stage wise direct cost and other related manufacturing overheads. Materials and other supplies held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated cost of completion and to make the sale.

Cost of raw materials, packing materials, stores and spares are determined on weighted average basis.

g) Revenue Recognition

Ind AS 115 establishes a five-step model to account for revenue arising from contracts with customers and requires that revenue be recognised at an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer.

Ind AS 115 requires entities to exercise judgement, taking into consideration all of the relevant facts and circumstances when applying each step of the model to contracts with their customers.

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

Revenue towards satisfaction of a performance obligation is measured at the amount of transaction price (net of variable consideration) allocated to that performance obligation. The transaction price of goods sold and services rendered is net of variable consideration on account of various discounts and schemes offered by the Company as part of the contract

The specific recognition criteria for revenue recognition are as follows:

i) Sale of goods

Sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer. The revenue is measured on the basis of the consideration defined in the contract with a customer, including variable consideration, such as discounts, volume rebates, or other contractual reductions. As the period between the date on which the Company transfers the promised goods to the customer and the date on which the customer pays for these goods is generally one year or less, no financing components are taken into account.

ii) Interest Income

For all debt instruments/ subsidies measured at amortised cost, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument/ subsidies or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortised cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider the expected credit losses. Interest income is included in “Other income” in the statement of profit and loss.

iii) Dividends

Dividend income is recognised when the Company’s right to receive dividend is established, and is included in other income in the statement of profit and loss.

h) Employee Benefits

(1) Short term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits in respect of salaries and wages, including non-monetary benefits are recognised as an expense at the undiscounted amount in the statement of profit and loss for the year in which the related service is rendered

(2) Long term employee benefits

i) Defined contribution plans

Employees benefits in the form of the Company’s contribution to Provident Fund, Pension scheme, Superannuation Fund and Employees State Insurance are defined contribution schemes. The Company recognises contribution payable to these schemes as an expense, when an employee renders the related service.

If the contribution payable exceeds contribution already paid, the deficit payable is recognised as a liability (accrued expense), after deducting any contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for service before the end of the reporting period, the Company recognise that excess as an asset (prepaid expense) to the extent that the prepayment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payments or a cash refund.

ii) Defined benefit plans

Retirement benefits are considered as defined benefit plans. The Company’s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.

The company provides for its gratuity liability based on actuarial valuation of the gratuity liability as at the Balance Sheet date, based on Projected Unit Credit Method, carried out by an independent actuary. The Company contributes to the gratuity fund, which are recognised as plan assets. The defined benefit obligation as reduced by fair value of plan assets is recognised in the Balance Sheet.

When the calculation results in a potential asset for the company, the recognised asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan. To calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any applicable minimum funding requirements.

Remeasurement of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognised immediately in Other Comprehensive Income. Net interest expense (income) on the net defined liability (assets) is computed by applying the discount rate, used to measure the net defined liability (asset), to the net defined liability (asset) at the start of the financial year after taking into account any changes as a result of contribution and benefit payments during the year. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognised in profit or loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The company recognises gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

(3) Other long-term employee benefits

Employee benefits in the form of long term compensated absences are considered as long term employee benefits. The Company’s net obligation in respect of long-term employee benefits is the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods. That benefit is discounted to determine its present value. Remeasurement are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.

The liability for long term compensated absences are provided based on actuarial valuation as at the Balance Sheet date, based on Projected Unit Credit Method, carried out by an independent actuary.

i) Foreign currency transactions Initial recognition:

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the Company’s functional currency at the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.

Conversion:

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at the reporting date. Nonmonetary assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate when the fair value was determined. Nonmonetary assets and liabilities that are measured based on historical cost in a foreign currency are translated at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

j) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs are interest and other costs (including exchange differences relating to foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs) incurred in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing costs directly attributable to acquisition or construction of an asset which necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use are capitalised as part of the cost of that asset. Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

k) Income Tax

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognised in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognised directly in Other Comprehensive Income

i) Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year after taking credit of the benefits available under the Income Tax Act and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. It is measured using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Current tax assets and liabilities are offset only if, the Company:

a) has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts; and

b) intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

ii) Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding tax bases used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognised for:

- temporary differences on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss; and

A deferred income tax asset is recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences and tax losses can be utilised. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised; such reductions are reversed when the probability of future taxable profits improves.

Unrecognised deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only if:

a) The entity has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities; and

b) The deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on the same taxable entity.

l) Segment Reporting

The chief operational decision maker monitors the operating results of its business segments separately for the purpose of making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment. Segment performance is evaluated based on profit and loss and is measured consistently with profit and loss in the financial statements.

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM).

The accounting policies adopted for segment reporting are in line with the accounting policies adopted for preparing and presenting the Financial Statements of the Company as a whole. In addition, the following specific accounting policies have been followed for segment reporting:

• Segment revenue includes sales and other income directly identifiable with / allocable to the segment including intersegment transfers. Inter segment transfers are accounted for based on the transaction price agreed to between the segments which is at cost in case of transfer of Company's intermediate and final products and estimated realisable value in case of by-products.

• Revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities are identified to segments on the basis of their relationship to the operating activities of the segment. Revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities which relate to the Company as a whole and are not allocable to segments on direct and/or on a reasonable basis, have been disclosed as “Unallocable.”

m) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at bank and on hand and short-term deposits with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

n) Cash flow statement

Cash flow statements are prepared in accordance with “Indirect Method” as explained in the Accounting Standard on Statement of Cash Flows (Ind AS - 7). The cash flows from regular revenue generating, financing and investing activity of the Company are segregated.

o) Leases

As a Lessee:

The lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease. If that rate cannot be readily determined, which is generally the case for leases in the Company, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is used, being the rate that the individual lessee would have to pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value to the right-of-use asset in a similar economic environment with similar terms, security and conditions.

Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise Fixed lease payments which are payable during the lease term and under reasonably certain extension options, less any lease incentives and Variable Lease Payments.

The lease liability is presented as a separate line in the Balance Sheet.

The lease liability is subsequently measured by increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability (using the effective interest method) and by reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made.

The Company remeasures the lease liability (and makes a corresponding adjustment to the related right-of-use asset) whenever lease term has changed or there is a change in the assessment of exercise of a purchase option.

Right of Use (ROU) Assets:

The ROU assets comprise the initial measurement of the corresponding lease liability, lease payments made at or before the commencement day and any initial direct costs. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.

ROU assets are depreciated over the shorter period of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset. If the Company is reasonably certain to exercise a purchase option, the right-of-use asset is depreciated over the underlying asset’s useful life. The depreciation starts at the commencement date of the lease.

The ROU assets are presented as a separate line in the notes to account.

The Company applies Ind AS 36- Impairment of Assets to determine whether a right-of-use asset is impaired and accounts for any identified impairment loss as per its accounting policy on ‘property, plant and equipment’.

As a Lessor:

Leases for which the Company is a lessor are classified as finance or operating leases. Whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee, the contract is classified as finance lease. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Rental income from operating leases is recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recognised as receivables at the amount of the Company’s net investment in the leases. Finance lease income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the Company’s net investment outstanding in respect of the leases.

p) Earning per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to Equity Shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period.

For the purpose of calculating diluted Earning per Share, the net profit or loss for the period attributable to Equity Shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.

q) Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets Provision

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event and it is probable that the outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settled the obligation in respect of which reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, the expense relating to provision presented in the statement of profit & loss is net of any reimbursement.

If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are disclosed using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risk specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as finance cost."

Contingent liability is disclosed in the notes in case of:

There is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or

non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company.

• A present obligation arising from past event, when it is not probable that as outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation

• A present obligation arises from the past event, when no reliable estimate is possible

• A present obligation arises from the past event, unless the probability of outflow are remote.

Commitments include the amount of purchase order (net of advances) issued to parties for completion of assets. Provisions, contingent liabilities, contingent assets and commitments are reviewed at each balance sheet date." Onerous Contracts

A provision for onerous contracts is measured at the present value of the lower expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the company recognizes the impairment on the assets with the contract."

Contingent assets

Contingent assets are not accounted in the financial statements unless an inflow of economic benefits is probable."