2 SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES a Basis of Preparation
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in India ('Indian GAAP') to comply with the Accounting Standards specified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013, as applicable. The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention on accrual basis, except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair value.
b Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements requires the management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities and disclosures relating to the contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of income and expense during the year. Examples of such estimates include provisions for doubtful receivables, provision for income taxes, the useful lives of depreciable Property, Plant and Equipment and provision for impairment. Future results could differ due to changes in these estimates and the difference between the actual result and the estimates are recognised in the period in which the results are known / materialise.
c Property, Plant and Equipment
"Property, Plant and Equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation / amortisation. Costs include all expenses incurred to bring the asset to its present location and condition."
d Depreciation / amortisation
In respect of Property, Plant and Equipment (other than freehold land and capital work-in-progress) acquired during the year, depreciation/amortisation is charged on a straight line basis so as to write-off the cost of the assets over the useful lives.
e Leases
Assets taken on lease by the Company in its capacity as lessee, where the Company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance lease. Such a lease is capitalised at the inception of the lease at lower of the fair value or the present value of the minimum lease payments and a liability is recognised for an equivalent amount. Each lease rental paid is allocated between the liability and the interest cost so as to obtain a constant periodic rate of interest on the outstanding liability for each year.
Lease arrangements where the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset substantially vest with the lessor, are recognised as operating leases. Lease rentals under operating leases are recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis.
f Impairment
At each balance sheet date, the management reviews the carrying amounts of its assets included in each cash generating unit to determine whether there is any indication that those assets were impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of impairment. Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's net selling price and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows expected from the continuing use of the asset and from its disposal are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. Reversal of impairment loss is recognised as income in the statement of profit and loss.
g Investments
Long-term investments and current maturities of long-term investments are stated at cost, less provision for other than temporary diminution in value. Current investments, except for current maturities of longterm investments, comprising investments in mutual funds, government securities and bonds are stated at the lower of cost and fair value.
h Revenue recognition
"Revenue is recognized when there is a transfer of significant risk and rewards of ownership in goods to the buyer.
Interest income is recognized on time proportion basis taking into account amount outstanding and the applicable interest rates.
Service income is recognized on the basis of completion of service method"
Dividend is recorded when the right to receive payment is established. Interest income is recognised on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable.
i Taxation
Current income tax expense comprises taxes on income from operations in India and in foreign jurisdictions. Income taxpayable in India is determined in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Tax expense relating to foreign operations is determined in accordance with tax laws applicable in countries where such operations are domiciled.
Deferred tax expense or benefit is recognised on timing differences being the difference between taxable income and accounting income that originate in one period and is likely to reverse in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.
Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the balance sheet after offsetting advance tax paid and income tax provision arising in the same tax jurisdiction for relevant tax paying units and where the Company is able to and intends to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.
The Company offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if it has a legally enforceable right and these relate to taxes on income levied by the same governing taxation laws.
j Foreign currency transactions
Income and expense in foreign currencies are converted at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities other than net investments in nonintegral foreign operations are translated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date and exchange gains and losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Exchange difference arising on a monetary item that, in substance, forms part of an enterprise's net investments in a nonintegral foreign operation are accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve.
k Inventories
Raw materials are carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Purchased goods-in-transit are carried at cost. Work-in-progress is carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Stores and spare parts are carried at lower of cost and net realisable value. Finished goods produced or purchased by the Company are carried at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes direct material and labour cost and a proportion of manufacturing overheads.
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