2. MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY INFORMATION
This note provides a list of material accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these financial statements. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
a) Basis of preparation
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the recognition and measurement principles laid down in Indian Accounting Standard (‘Ind AS’), prescribed under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (the Act) read together with the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, as amended from time to time and other relevant provisions of the Act, on an accrual basis.
The company adopted Ind AS from 1st April, 2017.
The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for certain financial assets and liabilities (including derivative instruments) that are measured at fair value.
The financial statements are presented in INR, which is also the Company’s functional currency and all values are rounded to the nearest lakhs (INR 00,000) as per the requirement of Schedule III, unless otherwise stated.
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company’s normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III (Division II) to the Act. Based on the nature of products and the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle at 12 months for the purpose of current and non-current classification of assets and liabilities.
b) Basis of measurement
The Financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value:
• Property, plant and equipment at fair value;
• Certain financial assets and liabilities (including derivative instruments) measured at fair value;
• Defined benefit liability/ assets: fair value of plan assets less present value of defined benefit obligation Current and non-current classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based in current / non-current classification.
An asset is classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria: it is expected to be realised in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the Company’s normal operating cycle. It is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;
• It is expected to be realised within 12 months after the reporting date; or
• It is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least 12 months after the reporting date. All other assets are classified as non-current.
• A liability is classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:
• It is expected to be settled in the Company’s normal operating cycle.
• It is held primarily for the purpose of being traded.
• It is due to be settled within 12 months after the reporting date; or the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, results in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.
All other liabilities are classified as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current only.
c) Use of judgements and estimates
In preparing these financial statements, management has made judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of the company’s accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Management believes that the estimates used in the preparation of the financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an on-going basis. Revisions to estimates are recognised prospectively.
A. Judgements
Information about the judgements made in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effects on the amounts recognised in the financial statements have been given below:
- Leases: Whether an arrangement contains a lease
- Classification of leases into finance and operating lease
- Classification of financial assets: assessment of business model within which the assets are held and assessment of whether the contractual terms of the financial asset are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
B. Assumptions and estimation uncertainties
Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment in the financial statements for the year is included below:
- Impairment test: key assumptions underlying recoverable amounts, including the recoverability of development costs;
- Useful life of property, plant & equipment
- Recognition and measurement of provisions and contingencies: key assumptions about the likelihood and magnitude of an outflow of resources
d) Property, plant and equipment:
Recognition and measurement
Items of property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss if any. The cost of assets comprises of purchase price and directly attributable cost of bringing the assets to working condition for its intended use including borrowing cost and incidental expenditure during construction incurred up to the date when the assets are ready to use. Capital work in progress includes cost of assets at sites, construction expenditure and interest on the funds deployed. -
If significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate item (major components) of property, plant and equipment.
Any gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment is recognised in Profit and loss account.
Subsequent Measurement
Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the company and its cost can be measured reliably.
Depreciation
The charge in respect of depreciation on tangible assets acquired prior to 01.04.2014 is provided on different fixed assets on the basis of ‘straight line method’ and ‘written down value method’ over the useful life of assets after determining an estimate of an asset’s expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life as evaluated by external valuers and further reviewed by the technical Management based on historical experience. Hence, the useful lives for these assets is different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act,2013
However, the useful life of the assets acquired on or after 1st April, 2014, is in accordance with the useful lives as prescribed for those assets in Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013.
Cost of leasehold land is amortised over the lease period.
Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each financial year end and changes, if any, are accounted for prospectively.
e) Intangible assets
Intangible Assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment loss, if any. Intangible assets are amortized on straight line method basis over the estimated useful life.
Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the company.
f) Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. Financial instruments also include derivative contracts such as foreign exchange forward contracts, cross currency interest rate swaps, interest rate swaps and currency options; and embedded derivatives in the host contract.
Financial Assets
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.
Classifications
The company classifies its financial assets as subsequently measured at either amortized cost or fair value through comprehensive income or fair value through profit and loss account depending on the company’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets.
Business model assessment
The company makes an assessment of the objective of a business model in which an asset is held at a portfolio level because this best reflects the way the business is managed and information is provided to management.
Assessments whether contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest
For the purposes of this assessment, ‘principal’ is defined as the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. ‘Interest’ is defined as consideration for the time value of money and for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs (e.g., liquidity risk and administrative costs), as well as profit margin.
In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest, the company considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition.
Debt instruments at amortized cost
A financial asset is measured at amortized cost only if both of the following conditions are met:
- it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows.
- the contractual terms of the financial asset represent contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest.
Such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance income in the profit or loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the profit or loss.
Debt instrument at fair value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI)
Debt instruments with contractual cash flow characteristics that are solely payments of principal and interest and held in a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets are classified to be measured at FVOCI.
Debt instrument at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL)
Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.
In addition, the company may elect to classify a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortized cost or FVOCI criteria, as at FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as ‘accounting mismatch’).
Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the profit and loss.
On initial recognition an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI. This election is made on an investment-by-investment basis.
All other Financial Instruments are classified as measured at FVTPL.
Derecognition of financial assets
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised (i.e., removed from the company’s balance sheet) when:
- The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
- The company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through’ arrangement; and either (a) the company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset
When the company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the company continues to recognize the transferred asset to the extent of the company’s continuing involvement. In that case, the company also recognizes an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the company has retained.
Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the company could be required to repay.
On derecognition of a financial asset, the difference between the carrying amount of the asset (or the carrying amount allocated to the portion of the asset derecognised) and the sum of (i) the consideration received (including any new asset obtained less any new liability assumed) and (ii) any cumulative gain or loss that had been recognised in OCI is recognised in profit or loss.
Impairment of financial assets
The Company assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its assets carried at amortised cost and FVOCI debt instruments. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk.
With regard to trade receivable, the Company applies the simplified approach as permitted by Ind AS 109, Financial Instruments, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from the initial recognition of the trade receivables.
Financial liabilities
Initial recognition and measurement
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, amortised cost, as appropriate.
All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of amortised cost, net of directly attributable transaction costs.
Subsequent measurement
The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:
Financial Liabilities measured at amortised cost
After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.
Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term.
Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognised in the profit or loss.
Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in OCI. These gains/ loss are not subsequently transferred to P&L. However, the group may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognised in the statement of profit or loss.
Derecognition of financial liabilities
The company derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire. Modifications of financial assets and financial liabilities Financial assets
If the terms of a financial asset are modified, the company evaluates whether the cash flows of the modified asset are substantially different. If the cash flows are substantially different, then the contractual rights to cash flows from the original financial asset are deemed to have expired. In this case, the original financial asset is derecognised and a new financial asset is recognised at fair value.
If the cash flows of the modified asset carried at amortised cost are not substantially different, then the modification does not result in derecognition of the financial asset. In this case, the company recalculates the gross carrying amount of the financial asset and recognises the amount arising from adjusting the gross carrying amount as a modification gain or loss in profit or loss. If such a modification is carried out because of financial difficulties of the borrower, then the gain or loss is presented together with impairment losses. In other cases, it is presented as interest income.
Financial liabilities
The company derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows of the modified liability are substantially different. In this case, a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability extinguished and the new financial liability with modified terms is recognised in profit or loss.
g) Inventories
Raw material, stores and spares, work in progress and finished goods are valued at lower of cost or net realizable value
h) Revenue Recognition
Effective April 1, 2018, the Company has applied Ind AS 115 which establishes a comprehensive framework for determining whether, how much and when revenue is to be recognised. Ind AS 115 replaces Ind AS 18 Revenue and Ind AS 11 Construction Contracts. The effect of initially applying this standard is recognised at the date of initial application i.e. April 1,2018. The core principle of Ind AS 115 is that an entity should recognise revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers for an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The impact of the adoption of the standard on the financial statements of the Company is insignificant.
(i) Sale of goods
Revenue is recognised when the significant risk and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customer, recovery of the consideration is probable, the associated costs and possible return of goods can be estimated reliably, there is no continuing management involvement with the goods, and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns, trade discounts and volume rebates. Export benefits are recognised as per schemes specified in Foreign Trade Policy, as amended from time to time on accrual basis.
(ii) Interest income is recognized using the Effective Interest Rate (‘EIR’) method. The EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate to the net carrying amount of the financial asset. The EIR is computed basis the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument. The calculation includes all fees, transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate.
(iii) Export Incentives are recognised as per schemes specified in foreign Trade Policy, as amended from time to time on accrual basis when right to receive is established and are accounted to the extent there is no uncertainty about its ultimate collection
(iv) Dividend income is recognised, when the right to receive the dividend is established.
i) Leases
The Company has adopted Ind AS 116 using the modified retrospective approach from 01.04.2019 and therefore the comparative information till March 31,2019 has not been restated and continues to be reported under Ind AS 17.
As a lessee
The Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate and an estimate cost to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.
The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The estimated useful lives of right-of-use asset are determined on the same basis as those of property, plant and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.
The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, Company’s incremental borrowing rate.
Lease payment included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise followings;
- Fixed payments, including in substance fixed payments;
- Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;
- Amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee; and
- The exercise price under a purchase option that the company is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewal period if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, and penalties for early termination of a lease unless the Company is reasonably certain not to terminate early.
The lease liability is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Company’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if Company changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option.
When the lease liability is remeasured, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.
The Company presents right-of-use assets that do not meet the definition of investment property in ‘property, plant and equipment’ and lease liabilities in ‘loans and borrowings’ in the statement of financial position.
Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets
The Company has elected not to recognise right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short term leases that have a lease term of 12 months. The Company recognises the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
As a lessor
Lease income from operating leases where the Company is a lessor is recognised in income on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless the receipts are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the expected inflationary cost increases. The respective leased assets are included in the balance sheet based on their nature.
j) Foreign currency transactions
(i) Foreign currency transactions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of the transaction.
(ii) Monetary items denominated in foreign currencies (such as cash, receivables, payables etc.) outstanding at the year end, are translated at exchange rates applicable on year end date.
(iii) Non-monetary items denominated in foreign currency, (such as fixed assets) are valued at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of transaction and carried at cost.
(iv) Any gains or losses arising due to exchange differences arising on translation or settlement are accounted for in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
k) Employee benefits
i. Short term employee benefits
Short-term employee benefits are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.
ii. Defined contribution plans
Obligations for contributions to defined contribution plans are expensed as the related service is provided. The company has following defined contribution plans:
a) Provident Fund
b) Superannuation Fund
iii. Defined benefit plans
The company has only one Defined benefit plan - Gratuity. The company net obligation in respect of defined benefit plan is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.
The calculation of defined benefit obligations is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a potential asset for the company, the recognised asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan. To calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any applicable minimum funding requirements.
Re-measurement of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognised immediately in Other Comprehensive Income. Net interest expense/(income) on the net defined liability/(assets) is computed by applying the discount rate, used to measure the net defined liability/(asset), the start of the financial year after taking into account any changes as a result of contribution and benefit payments during the year. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognised in profit or loss.
When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The company recognises gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.
iv. Other long-term employee benefits
The Company’s net obligation in respect of long-term employee benefits is the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods. That benefit is discounted to determine its present value. Re-measurements are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.
The company has following long term employment benefit plans:
a) Leave encashment
Leave encashment is payable to eligible employees at the time of retirement. The liability for leave encashment is provided based on actuarial valuation as at the Balance Sheet date, based on Projected Unit Credit Method, carried out by an independent actuary.
l) Borrowing Cost
General and specific borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalised during the period of time that is required to complete and prepare the asset for its intended use. Qualifying assets are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use.
Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation.
Other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.
m) Income tax
Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognised in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognised directly in equity or in Other Comprehensive Income
i. Current tax
Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. It is measured using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Current tax assets and liabilities are offset only if, the Company:
a) Has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts; and
b) Intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
ii. Deferred tax
Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognised for temporary differences on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit nor loss.
Deferred tax assets are recognised for unused tax losses, unused tax credits and deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised; such reductions are reversed when the probability of future taxable profits improves.
Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used.
Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only if:
a) The entity has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities; and
b) The deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on the same taxable entity.
Deferred tax assets include Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws, to the extent it would be available for set off against future current income tax liability. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as deferred tax asset in the balance sheet when the asset can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with the asset will be realised.
n) Impairment of non-financial assets
At each reporting date, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets (other than inventories and deferred tax assets) to determine whether there is any indication on impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated.
For impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or CGUs.
The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU.
An impairment loss is recognised if the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount.
Impairment loss in respect of assets other than goodwill is reversed only to the extent that the assets carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortisation, if no impairment loss had been recognised.
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