4. Material accounting policies information
4.1.1. Revenue Recognition
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company has generally concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, because it typically controls the goods or services before transferring them to the customer. Revenue excludes amounts collected on behalf of third parties.
Sale of Products
The Company earns revenue from domestic and export of goods (both manufactured and traded).
In domestic sales, the Company sells products to wholesaler dealers, modern trade retailers and to retail customers.
Revenue from sale of products is recognised at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer. Following delivery/loading for shipment, as the case maybe, the customer has full discretion over the responsibility, manner of distribution, price to sell the goods and bears the risks of obsolescence and loss in relation to the goods. Payment is generally due within 0-180 days as per credit terms with the customers. The Company considers the effects of variable consideration, if any, the existence of significant financing components and consideration payable to the customer (if any).
For sale of retail goods, revenue is recognised when control of the goods is transferred, being at the point the customer purchases the goods at the retail outlet. Payment of the transaction price is due immediately at the point the customer purchases the goods.
(i) Variable consideration
If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled to in exchange for transferring the goods to the customer. The variable consideration is estimated at contract inception and constrained until it is highly probable that a significant revenue reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the associated uncertainty with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The Company recognizes changes in the estimated amount of variable consideration in the period in which the change occurs.
-Rebates and discounts
The Company accounts for cash discounts, volume discounts, redemption schemes and pricing incentives to customers or end users as a reduction of revenue based on the rateable allocation of the discounts/ incentives to the underlying performance obligation that corresponds to the progress by the customer towards earning the discount/ incentive. If it is probable that the criteria for the discount will not be met, or if the amount thereof cannot be estimated reliably, then discount is not recognized until the payment is probable and the amount can be estimated reliably.
(ii) Significant financing component
Generally, the Company receives short-term advances from its customers. Using the practical expedient in Ind AS 115, the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.
Contract balances Trade receivables
A receivable represents the Company's right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section Financial instruments.
Contract liabilities
Contract liabilities (termed as Advance from customers in the financial statements) represents the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. if a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company performs its obligations under the contract.
Cost to obtain a contract
The Company pays sales commission to its selling agents for contracts that they obtain for the Company. The Company has elected to apply the optional practical expedient for costs to obtain a contract which allows the Company to immediately expense sales commissions (included in other expenses) because the amortization period of the asset that the Company otherwise would have used is one year or less.
Costs to fulfil a contract i.e. freight, insurance and other selling expenses are recognized as an expense in the period in which related revenue is recognised.
4.1.2. Dividend and interest income
Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder's right to receive payment has been established provided that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably.
Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset's net carrying amount on initial recognition.
Rental income arising from operating leases on investment properties is accounted for on a straightline basis over the lease terms and is included in revenue in the statement of profit or loss due to its operating nature.
4.2. Leases
Company as a lessor
Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.
4.2.1. Operating lease
Lease arrangements where the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset substantially vest with the lessor, are recognised as operating lease. Operating lease payments are recognised on a straight line basis over the lease term in the statement of profit and loss.
4.2.2. Finance lease
A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the lessee is classified as a finance lease. Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recorded as receivables at the Company's net investment in the leases. Finance lease income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment outstanding in respect of the lease.
Company as a lessee
4.2.3 At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognises a right-of-use-asset ("ROU") and a corresponding lease liability for all the lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for the leases with a term of 12 months or less (short term leases) and the leases of low value assets. For these short term and leases of low value assets, the Company recognises the lease payments as an operating expense on accrual basis.
i) Right of use assets
The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use).The ROU assets are initially recognised at cost, which comprise of the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any payment made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease plus any initial direct cost less any lease incentive. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. The ROU asset are depreciated on a straight line basis over the shorter of the lease term (Refer Note 43) and the estimated useful life of the underlying asset. (Refer Note 4.8.3). The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in section 4.9. Impairment of non-financial assets.
ii) Lease liabilities
At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including insubstance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.
ROU assets and Lease liabilities have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.
4.3. Foreign currencies
4.3.1. Functional and presentational currency
The Company's financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (Rs.), which is also the Company's functional currency. Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which an entity operates and is normally the currency in which the entity primarily generates and expends cash.
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognised in the statement of profit and loss. They are deferred in equity if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges.
Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognised in other comprehensive income or profit or loss are also recognised in other comprehensive income or profit or loss, respectively).
4.4. Taxation
Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.
4.4.1. Current tax
The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from 'profit before tax' as reported in the statement of profit and loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company's current tax is calculated in accordance with the Income-tax Act, 1961, using tax rates that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period.
Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The Company then reflects the effect of uncertainty for each uncertain tax treatment by using either most likely method or expected value method, depending on which method predicts better resolution of the treatment.
4.4.2. Deferred tax
Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date. Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:
1. When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss and does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences;
2. In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and associates, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:
1. When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss and does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences;
2. In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and associates deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
4.4.3. Current and deferred tax for the year
Current and deferred tax are recognised in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.
4.5. Employee benefits
4.5.1. Short term employee benefits
A liability is recognised for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, annual leave and sick leave in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.
Liabilities recognised in respect of short-term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.
4.5.2. Long term employee benefits
Long term employee benefits include compensated absences. The Company has a policy on compensated absences which are both accumulating and non-accumulating in nature. The expected cost of accumulating compensated absences is determined by actuarial valuation performed by an independent actuary at each balance sheet date using projected unit credit method on the additional amount expected to be paid/availed as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the balance sheet date. Expense on non-accumulating compensated absences is recognized in the period in which the absences occur.
As per the policies of the Company, there are restrictions on the number of leaves an employee can avail or encash during the year. Leaves where either the employee has unconditional right to utilise the same or encash or the management intends to allow the employees to utilise them in the next twelve months are categorised as current and the balance as non-current.
4.5.3. Defined contribution plan
The contributions to these schemes are charged to the statement of profit and loss of the year in which contribution to such schemes becomes due on the basis of services rendered by the employees. The Company has no further obligation in respect of such plans except for the contributions due from them.
4.5.4. Defined benefit plan
Present value of obligation is provided on the basis of an actuarial valuation made at the end of each financial year as per projected unit credit method. Current and past service costs and interest expense/income are recognised as employee costs. For all defined benefit plans the difference between the present value of obligations and the fair value of plan assets is represented in the balance sheet as a liability or an asset. However the assets are restricted to the present value of the economic benefits available to the Company.
Re-measurements, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognised immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Re-measurements are not reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods.
4.5.5. Termination benefits
Termination benefit is recognised as an expense at earlier of when the Company can no longer withdraw the offer of termination benefit and when the expense is incurred.
4.6. Property, plant and equipment
4.6.1. Recognition and measurement
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost of acquisition or construction less accumulated depreciation and any recognised impairment losses, and include interest on loans attributable to the acquisition of qualifying assets upto the date they are ready for their intended use. Freehold land is measured at cost and is not depreciated.
4.6.2. Capital work in progress
Properties in the course of construction for production, supply or administrative purposes are carried at cost, less any recognised impairment loss. Such properties are classified to the appropriate categories of property, plant and equipment when completed and ready for intended use. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.
4.6.3. Depreciation
Depreciable amount for assets is the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its estimated residual value.
Depreciation on tangible fixed assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) is recognised on straight-line method, taking into account their nature, their estimated usage, their operating conditions, past history of their replacement and maintenance support etc.
Estimated useful lives of the assets based on technical estimates are as under:
Buildings 30 - 60 years
Leased office buildings, warehouses and stores 2 - 18 years
Plant and machinery 15 years
Electrical installation and equipments 10 years
Computers and information technology equipments 3 - 6 years
Furniture, fixtures and office equipments including store equipments 5 -10 years Motor vehicles 3 -8 years
Leasehold land 45 - 99 years
Leasehold building improvements and Plant & Machinery (Retail Segment) are depreciated on a straight line basis over the period of lease (5 to 18 years) or, if shorter, their useful economic life.
The useful life estimated above are less than or equal to those indicated in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013.
Freehold land is not amortised.
The ROU assets are depreciated on a straight line basis over the shorter of the lease term (Refer Note 43) and the estimated useful life of the underlying asset (Refer Note No. 4.2.3).
The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.
An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in profit or loss.
The useful lives of plant and machinery stated above is based on single shift working. Except for assets in respect of which no extra shift depreciation is permitted, if an item of plant and machinery is used any time during the year on double shift, the rate of depreciation shall be increased by 50% for that period and in case of triple shift the rate shall be increased by 100%.
4.7. Investment properties
Investment properties are properties held to earn rentals and/or for capital appreciation.
Investment properties are measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss, if any.
No depreciation is charged in case of freehold land being designated as an investment property.
The Company based on technical assessment made by it, depreciates building component of investment property on a straight line basis over a period of 30 to 60 years from the date of original purchase.
Investment properties are derecognised either when they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. The difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognised in profit or loss in the period of derecognition.
4.8. Intangible assets
4.8.1. Recognition and measurement of intangible assets acquired separately
Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses.
4.8.2. Derecognition of intangible asset
An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economics benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds ana the carrying amount of the asset, are recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised.
4.8.3. Amortisation method and useful life
Intangible assets are amortised on straight line method over their estimated useful life as follows: Computer software - 5 years
4.9. Impairment of non-tinancial assets
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset's recoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's or cash-generating unit's (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.
The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company's CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations cover a period of five years generally. For longer periods, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows. To estimate cash flow projections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets/forecasts, the Company extrapolates cash flow projections in the budget using a steady or dedining growth rate for subsequent years, unless an increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term average growth rate for the products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for the market in which the asset is used.
Impairment losses of operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognised in the statement of profit and loss, except for properties previously revalued with the revaluation surplus taken to OCI. For such properties, the impairment is recognised in OCI up to the amount of any previous revaluation surplus.
For assets excluding goodwill, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognised impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset's or CGU's recoverable amount. A previously recognised impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset's recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognised in the statement of profit or loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case, the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.
4.10. Inventories
Inventories are stated at lower of cost and net realisable value. The cost of raw materials, stores and spares and stock in trade is determined on moving weighted average cost basis. The cost of finished goods and work-in-process is determined on standard absorption cost basis which approximates actual costs. Absorption cost comprises raw materials cost, direct wages, appropriate share of production overheads and applicable excise duty paid/payable thereon.
Net realisable value is the estimated selling price for inventories in the ordinary course of business, less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.
4.11. Provisions and contingencies
4.11.1. Provisions
Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to
settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. When the effect of time value is material, the amount is determined by discounting the expected future cash flows.
4.11.2. Contingent liabilities
Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle or a reliable estimate of the amount can not be made.
4.12. Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
4.12.1. Financial assets
4.12.1.1 .Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognised initially at fair value and in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place (regular way trades) are recognised on the trade date, i.e. the date that the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset.
All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortised cost or fair value, depending on the classification of the financial assets.
4.12.1.2. Classification of financial assets
Classification of financial assets depends on the nature and purpose of the financial assets and is determined at the time of initial recognition. The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:.
? those measured at amortized cost,
? those to be measured subsequently at fair value, either through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI) or through profit or loss (FVTPL)
Financial assets at amortised cost:
A financial assets is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:
a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and
"b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding."
This category is the most relevant to the Company. After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the profit or loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the profit or loss.
Financial assets at FVTOCI:
A financial asset is classified as at the FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met unless the asset is designated at fair value through profit or loss under fair value option.
(a) The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial asset, and
(b) The asset's contractual cash flows represent SPPI.
Financial assets at FVTPL:
FVTPL is a residual category for financial assets. Any asset, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.
4.12.1.3. Equity investment in subsidiaries and associates
Investments representing equity interest in subsidiaries and associates are carried at cost less any provision for impairment. Investments are reviewed for impairment if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
4.12.1.4. Derecognition
A financial asset (or where applicable, a part of financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised (i.e. removed from the companies Balance Sheet) when:
? The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
? The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a 'pass-through' arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
4.12.1.5. Impairment of financial assets
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:
a) Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortised cost e.g., loans, debt securities, deposits, trade receivables and bank balance.
b) Trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 18.
The Company believes that, considering their nature of business and past history, the expected credit loss in relation to its trade receivables and other financial assets is non-existent or grossly immaterial. Thus, the Company has not recognised any provision for expected credit loss. The Company reviews this policy annually, if required.
4.12.2. Financial liabilities
4.12.2.1. Initial recognition and measurement
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives, as appropriate. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.
The Company's financial liabilities include lease liabilities, trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.
4.12.2.2. Subsequent measurement
The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below: Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the Company that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by Ind AS 109. Separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments.
Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognised in the profit or loss.
Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied.
Financial liabilities at amortised cost:
After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings, lease liabilities, trade and other payables are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.
Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.
Financial guarantee contracts
Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company are those contracts that require a payment to be made to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because the specified debtor fails to make a payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument. Financial guarantee contracts are recognised initially as a liability at fair value, adjusted for transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantee. Subsequently, the liability is measured at the higher of the amount of loss allowance determined as per impairment requirements of Ind AS 109 and the amount recognised less cumulative amortisation.
4.12.2.3. Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
4.13. Offsetting financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
4.14. Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents comprises of cash on hand and at banks, short-term balances (with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition), highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.
For the purpose of the Statement of Cash Flows, Cash & Cash Equivalents consists of Cash and Short term deposits as defined above net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the company's cash management and balance in unclaimed dividend accounts.
4.15. Earnings per share (EPS)
Basic earnings per share has been computed by dividing the profit/(loss) after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.
Diluted earnings per share has been computed by dividing the profit/(loss) after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.
4.16. Derivative financial instruments
The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts and interest rate swaps to hedge its foreign currency risks and interest rate risks, respectively. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.
Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to profit or loss.
4.17. Embedded derivatives
Derivatives embedded in a host contract that is an asset within the scope of Ind AS 109 are not separated. Financial assets with embedded derivatives are considered in their entirety when determining whether their cash flows are solely payment of principal and interest.
Derivatives embedded in all other host contract are separated only if the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host and are measured at fair value through profit or loss.
4.18. Fair value measurement
The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
? In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
? In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
? Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or
liabilities.
? Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair
value measurement is directly or indirectly observable."
? Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair
value measurement is unobservable."
For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.
For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.
4.19. Current versus non-current classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:
? Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle
? Held primarily for the purpose of trading
? Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or
? Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is current when:
? It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle
? It is held primarily for the purpose of trading
? It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or
? There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period
The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.
The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.
4.20. Dividend distribution to equity holders of the company
The Company recognises a liability to make cash distributions to equity holders of the company when the distribution is authorised and the distribution is no longer at the discretion of the Company. As per the corporate laws in India, a distribution is authorised when it is approved by the shareholders. A corresponding amount is recognised directly in equity.
4.21. Employee share based payment
Equity settled share based payments to employees under Godfrey Phillips Employee Share Purchase Scheme 2023 (hereinafter referred to as "ESPS 2023") are measured at fair value of the equity instruments on the date of grant of shares. The fair value is determined with an assistance of an external valuer and is expensed in the statement of profit and loss based on the vesting conditions.
4.22. Standards issued but not yet effective
There are no standards that are notified and yet not effective as on March 31,2024.
5. Significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of the financial statements requires management of the Company to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that involves measurement uncertainty and effect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, and the accompanying disclosures, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities affected in future periods
Judgements and estimates
In the process of applying the accounting policies, management has made the following judgements and estimates, which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the financial statements:
a) Fair value measurement of financial instruments and disclosures
When the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using other valuation techniques. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values. Judgements include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments. See Note No.44 for further disclosures. Where fund houses have declared net assets value (NAV) and are obliged to buy back the investments at the declared NAV and the same are disclosed as a quoted investments. See Note No.9
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