Note 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The Company has applied following accounting policies to all periods presented in the Ind AS Financial Statement:
a) Revenue Recognition
Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of discounts, volume rebates, outgoing sales
taxes and other indirect taxes excluding excise duty.
Excise duty is a liability of the manufacturer which forms part of the cost of production, irrespective of whether the goods are sold or
not. Since the recovery of excise duty flows to Company on its own account, revenue includes excise duty. However, sales tax/ value
added tax (VAT) is not received by the Company on its own account. Rather, it is tax collected on value added to the commodity by
the seller on behalf of the Government. Accordingly, it is excluded from revenue.
Revenue from sales is recognised when all significant risks and rewards of ownership of the commodity sold are transferred to the
customer which generally coincides with delivery. Revenues from sale of byproducts are included in revenue.
Export benefits are accounted on recognition of export sales. Dividend income is recognised when the right to receive payment is
established. Interest income is recognised using effective rate of interest method.
b) Property, Plant and Equipment
(i) Property, plant and equipment
The Company has applied Ind AS 16 with retrospective effect for all of its property, plant and equipment as at the transition date,
viz., 1 April 2016.
The initial cost of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase
taxes, attributable borrowing cost and any other directly attributable costs of bringing an asset to working condition and location for
its intended use. It also includes the present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning and removing of an asset and restoring
the site after its use, if the recognition criteria for a provision are met.
Expenditure incurred after the property, plant and equipment have been put into operation, such as repairs and maintenance, are
normally charged to the statements of profit and loss in the period in which the costs are incurred. Major inspection and overhaul
expenditure is capitalized if the recognition criteria are met.
When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based
on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the
plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised
in the statement of profit and loss as incurred.
Gains and losses on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal
with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, and are recognized net within other income/other expenses in statement
of profit and loss.
An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognized upon disposal or when no
future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on recognition of the asset (calculated as the
difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit and loss,
when the asset is derecognized.
The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year
end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
(ii) Capital work in progress
Assets in the course of construction are capitalized in capital work in progress account. At the point when an asset is capable of
operating in the manner intended by management, the cost of construction is transferred to the appropriate category of property, plant
and equipment. Costs associated with the commissioning of an asset are capitalized when the asset is available for use but incapable
of operating at normal levels until the period of commissioning has been completed. Revenue generated from production during the
trial period is credited to capital work in progress.
(iii) Depreciation
Assets in the course of development or construction and freehold land are not depreciated.
Other property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and any provision for impairment. Depreciation
commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.
Depreciation is calculated on the depreciable amount, which is the cost of an asset less its residual value. Depreciation is provided at
rates calculated to write off the cost, less estimated residual value, of each asset on a written down value basis over its expected useful
life (determined by the management based on technical estimates).
Individual items of assets costing upto Rs. 5,000 are fully depreciated in the year of acquisition.
Major inspection and overhaul costs are depreciated over the estimated life of the economic benefit derived from such costs. The
carrying amount of the remaining previous overhaul cost is charged to the statement of profit and loss if the next overhaul is
undertaken earlier than the previously estimated life of the economic benefit.
Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each financial year end and changes in estimates, if any, are
accounted for prospectively.
c) Intangible assets
Intangible assets acquired are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at
cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.
Intangible assets are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the
intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset are reviewed at least
at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic
benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes
in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets is recognised in the statement of profit and loss unless such
expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.
Gains or losses arising from recognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and
the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.
d) Financial instruments, Financial assets, Financial liabilities and Equity instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the
relevant instrument and are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue
of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or
loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value on initial recognition of financial assets or financial liabilities. Purchase or sale of
financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place (regular
way trades) are recognised on the trade date, i.e., the date when the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset.
Financial Assets
Recognition: Financial assets include Investments, Trade receivables, Advances, Security Deposits, Cash and cash equivalents. Such
assets are initially recognised at transaction price when the Company becomes party to contractual obligations. The transaction price
includes transaction costs unless the asset is being fair valued through the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Classification: Management determines the classification of an asset at initial recognition depending on the purpose for which the
assets were acquired. The subsequent measurement of financial assets depends on such classification.
Financial assets are classified as those measured at:
(a) amortised cost, where the financial assets are held solely for collection of cash flows arising from payments of principal
and/ or interest.
(b) fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI), where the financial assets are held not only for collection of
cash flows arising from payments of principal and interest but also from the sale of such assets. Such assets are subsequently
measured at fair value, with unrealised gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value being recognised in other
comprehensive income.
(c) fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), where the assets are managed in accordance with an approved investment strategy
that triggers purchase and sale decisions based on the fair value of such assets. Such assets are subsequently measured at
fair value, with unrealised gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value being recognised in the Statement of Profit
and Loss in the period in which they arise.
Trade receivables, Advances, Security Deposits, Cash and cash equivalents etc. are classified for measurement at amortised cost while
investments may fall under any of the aforesaid classes. However, in respect of particular investments in equity instruments that
would otherwise be measured at fair value through profit or loss, an irrevocable election at initial recognition may be made to present
subsequent changes in fair value through other comprehensive income.
Impairment: The Company assesses at each reporting date whether a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) such as
investments, trade receivables, advances and security deposits held at amortised cost and financial assets that are measured at fair
value through other comprehensive income are tested for impairment based on evidence or information that is available without undue
cost or effort. Expected credit losses are assessed and loss allowances recognised if the credit quality of the financial asset has
deteriorated significantly since initial recognition.
Reclassification: When and only when the business model is changed, the Company shall reclassify all affected financial assets
prospectively from the reclassification date as subsequently measured at amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive
income, fair value through profit or loss without restating the previously recognised gains, losses or interest and in terms of the
reclassification principles laid down in the Ind AS relating to Financial Instruments.
De-recognition: Financial assets are derecognised when the right to receive cash flows from the assets has expired, or has been
transferred, and the Company has transferred substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership. Concomitantly, if the asset is
one that is measured at:
(a) amortised cost, the gain or loss is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss;
(b) fair value through other comprehensive income, the cumulative fair value adjustments previously taken to reserves are
reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss unless the asset represents an equity investment in which case the cumulative
fair value adjustments previously taken to reserves is reclassified within equity.
Income Recognition: Interest income is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss using the effective interest method. Dividend
income is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the right to receive dividend is established.
Financial Liabilities
Borrowings, trade payables and other financial liabilities are initially recognised at the value of the respective contractual obligations.
They are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Any discount or premium on redemption / settlement is recognised in the Statement
of Profit and Loss as finance cost over the life of the liability using the effective interest method and adjusted to the liability figure
disclosed in the Balance Sheet.
Financial liabilities are derecognised when the liability is extinguished, that is, when the contractual obligation is discharged,
cancelled and on expiry.
Offsetting Financial Instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is included in the Balance Sheet where there is a legally enforceable
right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability
simultaneously.
Equity Instruments
Equity instruments are recognised at the value of the proceeds, net of direct costs of the capital issue.
e) Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting
Initial recognition and subsequent measurement
In order to hedge its exposure to foreign exchange, interest rate, and commodity price risks, the Company enters into forward, futures
and other derivative financial instruments. The Company does not hold any derivative financial instruments.
f) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity
of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above.
g) Borrowing Costs
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial
period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are
expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection
with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adj ustment to the
borrowing costs.
h) Impairment of Non-financial assets
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists,
or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s
recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use.
Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent
of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the
asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
Impairment losses of continuing operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
An assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognised impairment losses
no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset’s or CGU’s recoverable amount. A
previously recognised impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a chan ge in the assumptions used to determine the asset’s
recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset
does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had
no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
i) Government Grants
Government grants are recognised where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will
be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognised as income on a systematic basis over the periods that
the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is treated as deferred
income and released to the statement of profit and loss over the expected useful lives of the assets concerned. When the Company
receives grants of non-monetary assets, the asset and the grant are recorded at fair value amounts and released to statement of profit
and loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption of the benefit of the underlying asset. When loans or similar
assistance are provided by governments or related institutions, with an interest rate below the current applicable market rate, the effect
of this favourable interest is regarded as a government grant. The loan or assistance is initially recognised and measured at fair value
and the government grant is measured as the difference between the initial carrying value of the loan and the proceeds received. The
loan is subsequently measured as per the accounting policy applicable to financial liabilities.
j) Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value except scrap and by products which are valued at net realisable
value.
Costs incurred in bringing the inventory to its present location and condition are accounted for as follows:
• Raw materials: cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and
condition. Cost is determined on weighted average basis.
• Finished goods and work in progress: cost includes cost of direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing
overheads based on the normal operating capacity, but excluding borrowing costs. Cost is determined on weighted average
basis.
Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the
estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
Obsolete inventories are identified and written down to net realisable value. Slow moving and defective inventories are identified and
provided to net realisable value.
k) Taxation
Current income tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities.
The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.
Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive
income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.
Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are
subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their
carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date. Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary
differences, except when it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused
tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the
deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable
that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax
assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits
will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the
liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive
income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current
tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
Sales/ value added taxes paid on acquisition of assets or on incurring expenses
Expenses and assets are recognised net of the amount of sales/ value added taxes paid, except:
• When the tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the tax
paid is recognised as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable.
• When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of tax included, the net amount of tax recoverable from, or payable
to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the balance sheet.
Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws, which gives future economic benefits in the form of adjustment
to future income tax liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax.
Accordingly, MAT is recognised as an asset in the Balance Sheet when it is probable that future economic benefit associated with it
will flow to the Company.
I) Employee benefits
(i) Short-term employee benefits
Employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of receiving employee services are classified as short-term employee
benefits. These benefits include salaries and wages, performance incentives and compensated absences which are expected to occur
in next twelve months. The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits to be paid in exchange for employee services is
recognised as an expense as the related service is rendered by employees.
Compensated absences:
Compensated absences accruing to employees and which can be carried to future periods but where there are restrictions on availment
or encashment or where the availment or encashment is not expected to occur wholly in the next twelve months, the liability on
account of the benefit is determined actuarially using the projected unit credit method.
(ii) Post-employment benefits
• Defined contribution plan
Retirement benefits in form of superannuation is a defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the
contribution payable to the superannuation fund. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the superannuation scheme as an
expenditure, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the
balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognised as a liability after deducting
the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the balance
sheet date, then excess is recognised as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to a reduction in future payment or a cash
refund.
• Defined benefit plans - Gratuity and Provident fund
Gratuity
The Company has a defined benefit plan (the “Gratuity Plan”). The Gratuity Plan provides a lump sum payment to employees who
have completed five years or more of service at retirement, disability or termination of employment, being an amount based on the
respective employee’s last drawn salary and the number of years of employment with the Company. Presently the Company’s gratu ity
plan is unfunded.
Provident Fund
Eligible employees of the Company receive benefits from a provident fund, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the eligible employee
and the Company make monthly contributions to the provident fund plan equal to a specified percentage of the covered employee's
salary.
(iii) Termination benefits
Termination benefits are payable when employment is terminated by the Company before the normal retirement date, or when an
employee accepts voluntary redundancy in exchange for these benefits. The Company recognises termination benefits at the earlier
of the following dates: (a) when the Company can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; and (b) when the Company
recognises costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of Ind AS 37 and involves the payment of termination benefits. In the case
of an offer made to encourage voluntary redundancy, the termination benefits are measured based on the number of employees
expected to accept the offer. Benefits falling due more than 12 months after the end of the reporting period are discounted to present
value.
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