Background

Goodyear India Limited (the "Company”), an existing company under the Companies Act, 2013, is a step-down subsidiary of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio, USA ("GTRC”). The Company was originally registered and incorporated as a private company on October 10, 1922 and converted into a public company on March 24,1961. The Company is engaged in the business of manufacturing and trading of tyres, tubes and flaps with manufacturing facility at Ballabgarh, Haryana, India. The Company is presently listed with the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE Limited).

(1) MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

This note provides a list of the material accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these financial statements. These policies have been consistently applied except where a newly issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing account standard required a change to the accounting policy hitherto to in use.

i) Basis of preparation

a) Compliance with Ind AS

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards ("Ind AS”) prescribed under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and relevant amendment rules issued thereafter. The Company has consistently applied accounting policies to all periods. On March 24, 2021, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) through a notification, amended Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013 and the amendments are applicable for financial periods commencing from April 1, 2021. The Company has evaluated the effect of the amendments on its financial statements and complied with the same.

b) Historical cost convention

The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following:

- certain financial assets and liabilities (including derivative instruments) that is measured at fair value;

- defined benefit plans - plan assets measured at fair value; and

- share-based payments

c) Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification.

An asset is treated as current when it is:

Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

Held primarily for the purpose of trading

Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or

Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.

ii) Segment reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reports provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), Managing Director. Refer note 30 for segment information presented.

iii) Property, plant and equipment

Freehold land is carried at historical cost. All other items are stated at historical cost net of accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the property, plant and equipment.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognised when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.

Transition to Ind AS

On transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its property, plant and equipment recognised as at January 1, 2015 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of the property, plant and equipment.

Depreciation methods, estimated useful lives and residual value:

Depreciation is provided on the straight-line method to allocate their cost, net of their residual values, over the estimated useful lives of the assets as prescribed in the Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 except for certain fixed assets where, based on technical evaluation by internal managements experts, the useful life of certain items of plant and machinery, buildings, office equipment and furniture and fixture have been determined to be different from those mentioned in schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013, in order to reflect the actual usage of assets.

Class of Asset Useful life

Freehold Buildings 5 - 30 Years

Furniture and Fittings 2 - 10 Years

Office Equipments 3 - 6 Years

Plant and Machinery 2 - 40 Years

Vehicles 8 Years

Depreciation on additions / disposals is provided on a prorata basis i.e. from (upto) the date on which the asset is ready for use / disposed off.

Spare parts having useful life of more than one period are accounted for as separate items and are depreciated over the useful life.

An asset's carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset's carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing proceeds with carrying amount. These are included in profit or loss within other income/ other expenses.

iv) Intangible assets

Computer software

Intangible assets are stated at acquisition cost, net of accumulated amortization and impairment losses, if any. Costs associated with maintaining software programmes are recognised as an expense as incurred.

Transition to Ind AS:

On transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of intangible assets recognised as at January 1, 2015 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of intangible assets.

Amortisation methods and periods:

The Company amortises intangible assets with the finite useful life (computer software) using straight line method over a period of 6 years.

v) Inventories

Raw materials and stores, work in progress, traded and finished goods:

Raw materials and stores, work-in-progress, traded and finished goods are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost of raw materials and traded goods comprises cost of purchases after deducting rebates and discounts. Cost of work-in-progress and finished goods comprises direct materials, direct labour and an appropriate proportion of variable and fixed overhead expenditure, the latter being allocated on the basis of normal operating capacity. Cost of inventories also include all other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

The basis of determining cost for various categories of inventories is as follows:

Raw materials Weighted average

Stores and Spare parts Weighted average

Work-in-process and Materials and appropriate

Finished goods share of labour and overheads

vi) Revenue Recognition

Effective April 1, 2018, the Company adopted Ind AS 115 "Revenue from Contracts with Customers” using the cumulative catch-up transition method, applied to contracts that were not completed as at April 1, 2018. In accordance with the cumulative catch-up transition method, the comparatives have not been retrospectively adjusted. The following is a summary of new and/or revised material accounting policies related to revenue recognition. Refer note 1(vi), Significant accounting policies, in the Companies March'18 annual report for the policies in effect for revenue prior to April 1 , 2018. The effect on adoption of Ind AS 115 has resulted into gross up of revenue and advertisement & sales promotion expenses, other than this the effect of Ind AS 115 was insignificant.

Sale of goods: Revenue towards satisfaction of a performance obligation is measured at the amount of transaction price (net of variable consideration) allocated to that performance obligation. The transaction price of goods sold is net of goods and service tax, sales return and variable considerations on account of various discounts and schemes. The variable considerations are estimate of the expected amounts based on an analysis of historical experience, or as the most likely amount in a range of possible outcomes.

The Company recognises revenue when obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied and control is transferred. This generally occurs with shipment or delivery, depending on the terms of the underlying contract, or when services have been rendered. At contract inception the Company assesse its performance obligation in the contract and allocates the arrangement consideration to separately identifiable performance obligation based on their relative stand-alone selling price. Further revenue and advertisement & sales promotion expenses are grossed up as and when gifts/ vouchers has been provided to the customers. Payment terms with customers vary by customer, but are generally 30-90 days.

When consideration from a customer is received prior to transferring of goods or services under the terms of a sales contract, the Company record deferred revenue, which represents a contract liability. Deferred revenue is included in Other Current Liabilities in the Balance Sheet. The Company recognize deferred revenue after transferring the control of the goods or services to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria are met which by the nature of the contract with the customer is completed in less than one year.

vii) Employee Benefits

a) Short-term obligations

Liabilities for wages and salaries, including nonmonetary benefits that are expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service and are measured at the amounts expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled. The liabilities are presented as current employee benefit obligations under other financial liabilities in the balance sheet. Employee State Insurance (State Plan): Contribution are made to the regulatory authorities and are recognised as employee benefits expense in the statement of profit and loss as and when due. The Company does not carry any further obligations, apart from the contributions made on a monthly basis.

b) Other long-term employee benefit obligations

The liabilities for earned leave and sick leave which are not expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. They are therefore measured as the present value of expected future payments to be made in respect of services provided by employees up to the end of the reporting period by actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The benefits are discounted using the market yields at the end of the reporting period that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation. Remeasurements as a result of experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in other comprehensive income / loss.

c) Post employment obligations

Defined Contribution Plans

1. Employee Pension Scheme 1995 : Contribution are made to the regulatory authorities and are recognised as employee benefits expense in the statement of profit and loss as and when due. This benefits is classified as Defined Contribution Schemes as the Company does not carry any further obligations, apart from the contributions made on a monthly basis.

2. Superannuation Fund: Contribution towards Superannuation Fund is administered by a trust set up by the Company, which is recognized by the Income Tax authorities. Such benefits are classified as Defined Contribution Schemes as the Company does not carry any further obligations, apart from the contributions made on a monthly basis.

Defined Benefit Plans

1. Provident Fund: Provident Fund contributions are made to the Trusts administered by the Company. Eligible employees of the Company receive benefits from a provident fund, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the eligible employee and the Company make monthly contributions to the provident fund plan equal to a specified percentage of the covered employee's salary. The Company contributes a portion to the Trusts administered by the Company. Those trusts invests in specific designated instruments as permitted by Indian law. The remaining portion is contributed to the government administered pension fund. The rate at which the annual interest is payable to the beneficiaries by the trust is being administered by the government. The Company has an obligation to make good the shortfall, if any, between the return from the investments of the Trusts and the notified interest rate.

2. Gratuity: The Company provides for gratuity, a defined benefit plan (the "Gratuity Plan”) covering eligible employees in accordance with the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972. The Gratuity Plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment, of an amount based on the respective employee's salary and the tenure of employment.

The liability or assets recognised in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit provident fund plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets. The liability recognised in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit gratuity plan is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period.

The defined benefit obligations are calculated at the end of the reporting period by actuaries using the projected unit credit method.

The present value of the defined benefit obligations is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on government bonds that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation.

For defined benefit provident fund plan, the net interest cost is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net balance of the defined benefit obligations and the fair value of the plan assets. For defined benefit gratuity plan, the interest cost is calculated by applying the discount rate to the balance of the defined benefit obligations.

This cost is included in employee benefit expense in the statement of profit and loss.

Remeasurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in the period in which they occur, directly in other comprehensive income. They are included in retained earnings in the statement of changes in equity and in the balance sheet.

Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligations resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognised immediately in profit or loss as past service cost.

d) Termination benefits

Termination benefits are payable when employment is terminated by the Company before the normal retirement date, or when an employee accepts voluntary redundancy in exchange for these benefits. The Company recognises termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates: (a) when the Company can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; and (b) when the entity recognises costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of Ind AS 37 and involves the payment of terminations benefits. In the case of an offer made to encourage voluntary redundancy, the termination benefits are measured based on the number of employees expected to accept the offer. Benefits falling due more than 12 months after the end of the reporting period are discounted to present value.

e) Bonus plans

The Company recognises a liability and an expense for bonuses. The Company recognises a provision where contractually obliged or where there is a past practice that has created a constructive obligation.

viii) Income Tax

The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period's taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.

Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled. Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilise those temporary differences and losses.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset deferred tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Current and deferred tax is recognised in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

ix) Foreign Currency Translations

a) Functional and presentation currency

Items included in the financial statements are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates ('the functional currency'). The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupee (INR), which is Goodyear India Limited's functional and presentation currency.

b) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such

transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are recognised in profit or loss.

Foreign exchange differences regarded as an adjustment to borrowing costs are presented in the statement of profit and loss, within finance costs. All other foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the statement of profit and loss on a net basis within other income/other expenses.

x) Leases

A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Company recognizes right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term at the lease commencement date. The cost of the right-of-use asset measured at inception shall comprise of the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received, plus any initial direct costs incurred. The right-of-use assets is subsequently measured at cost less any accumulated depreciation, accumulated impairment losses, if any and adjusted for any remeasurement of the lease liability. The right-of-use asset is depreciated from the commencement date on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset. Right-of-use assets are tested for impairment whenever there is any indication that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Impairment loss, if any, is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Company as a Lessee

The Company determines the lease term as the noncancellable period of a lease, together with both periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. In assessing whether the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend a lease, or not to exercise an option to terminate a lease, it considers all relevant facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive for the Company to exercise the option to extend the lease, or not to exercise the option to terminate the lease. The Company evaluates if an arrangement qualifies to be a lease as per the requirements of Ind AS 116. Identification of a lease requires significant judgment. The Company uses significant judgement in assessing the lease term (including anticipated renewals) and the applicable discount rate. The discount rate is generally based on the incremental borrowing rate calculated as the weighted average rate specific to the portfolio of leases with similar characteristics.

The Company recognises the amount of the remeasurement of lease liability as an adjustment to the

right-of-use asset. Where the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset is reduced to zero and there is a further reduction in the measurement of the lease liability, the Company recognizes any remaining amount of the remeasurement in statement of profit and loss.

The Company may elect not to apply the requirements of Ind AS 116 to leases for which the underlying asset is of low value. The lease payments associated with these leases are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Assumptions: The Company measures the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date of the lease. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, if that rate can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company uses incremental borrowing rate. For leases with reasonably similar characteristics, the Company may adopt the incremental borrowing rate for the entire portfolio of leases as a whole. The lease payments shall include fixed payments, variable lease payments, residual value guarantees and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease. The lease liability is subsequently remeasured by increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability, reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made and remeasuring the carrying amount to reflect any reassessment or lease modifications or to reflect revised in-substance fixed lease payments.

xi) Borrowings

Borrowings are initially recognised at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognised in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognised as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down. In this case, the fee is deferred until the draw down occurs.

Borrowings are removed from the balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired.

Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period. Where there is a breach of a material provision of a long-term loan arrangement on or before the end of the reporting period with the effect that the liability becomes payable on demand on the reporting date, the entity does not classify the liability as current, if the lender agreed, after the reporting period and before the approval of the financial statements for issue, not to demand payment as a consequence of the breach.

xii) Borrowing costs

General and specific borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalised during the period of time that is required to complete and prepare the asset for its intended use or sale. Qualifying assets are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale.

Other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.

xiii) Impairment of Assets - non financial assets

Goodwill and intangible assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortisation and are tested annually for impairment, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. Other assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets (cash-generating units). Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period.

xiv) Provisions and Contingencies

Provisions: Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated. Provisions are not recognised for future operating losses. Where there are a number of similar obligations, the likelihood that an outflow will be required in settlement is determined by considering the class of obligations as a whole. A provision is recognised even if the likelihood of an outflow with respect to any one item included in the same class of obligations may be small.

Provisions are measured at the present value of management's best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The discount rate used to determine the present value is a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as interest expense.

Contingent Liabilities: Contingent liabilities are disclosed when:

- there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company, or

- a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.

Contingent assets: contingent assets are disclosed when the inflow of economic benefit is probable.

xv) Cash and Cash Equivalents

For the purpose of presentation in the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand, deposits held at call with financial institutions, other shortterm, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

xvi) Earnings Per Share

a) Basic earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing:

- the profit attributable to owners of the Company

- by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the financial year, adjusted for bonus elements in equity shares issued during the year

b) Diluted earnings per share

Diluted earnings per share adjusts the figures used in the determination of basic earnings per share to take into account:

- the after income tax effect of interest and other financing costs associated with dilutive potential equity shares, and

- the weighted average number of additional equity shares that would have been outstanding assuming the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.

xvii) Trade receivables

Trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component are measured at transaction price

xviii) Other financial assets a) Classification:

The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:

- those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income or through profit or loss), and

- those measured at amortised cost.

The classification depends on the entity's business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.

b) Measurement:

At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial assets not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed off in the statement of profit and loss.

Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at amortised cost and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised or impaired. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest rate method.

c) Impairment of financial assets:

The Company assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its assets carried at amortised cost. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk.

For trade receivables only, the Company applies the simplified approach permitted by Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from initial recognition of the receivables.

d) Derecognition:

A financial asset is derecognised only when

- the Company has transferred the rights to receive cash from the financial asset or

- retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay cash flows to one or more recipients.

Where the entity has transferred an asset, the Company evaluates whether it has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. In such cases, the financial asset is derecognised. Where the entity has not transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is not derecognised.

Where the entity has neither transferred a financial asset nor retains substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is derecognised if the Company has not retained control of the financial asset. Where the Company retains control of the financial asset, the asset is continued to be recognised to the extent of continuing involvement in the financial asset.

e) Income recognition:

Interest income: Interest income from financial instruments is recognised using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) but does not consider the expected credit losses.

Insurance Claims: Income from refund claim of insurance is recognized on confirmation of realization of refund amount.

xix) Government Grants

Grants from the government are recognised at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and the Company will comply with all attached conditions. Government grants relating to income are deferred and recognised in the statement of profit and loss over the period necessary to match them with costs that they are intended to compensate and presented with other income.

xx) Embedded derivatives

Derivatives embedded in a host contract that is an asset within the scope of Ind AS 109 are not separated. Financial assets with embedded derivatives are considered in their entirety when determining whether their cash flows are solely payment of principal and interest.

Derivatives embedded in all other host contract are separated only if the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host and are measured at fair value through profit or loss. Embedded derivatives closely related to the host contracts are not separated.

Embedded foreign currency derivatives

Embedded foreign currency derivatives are not separated from the host contract if they are closely related. Such embedded derivatives are closely related to the host contract, if the host contract is not leveraged, does not contain any option feature and requires payments in one of the following currencies:

- the functional currency of any substantial party to that contract,

- the currency in which the price of the related good or service that is acquired or delivered is routinely denominated in commercial transactions around the world,

- a currency that is commonly used in contracts to purchase or sell non-financial items in the economic environment in which the transaction takes place (i.e. relatively liquid and stable currency)

Foreign currency embedded derivatives which do not meet the above criteria are separated and the derivative is accounted for at fair value through profit and loss. The Company currently does not have any such derivatives which are not closely related.

xxi) Offsetting financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Company or the counterparty.

xxii) Trade and other payables

These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the Company prior to the end of financial year which are unpaid. Trade and other payables are unsecured and are presented as current liabilities unless payment is not due within 12 months after the reporting period. They are recognised initially at their fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

xxiii) Contributed equity

Equity shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.

xxiv) Dividends

Provision is made for the amount of any dividend declared, being appropriately authorised and no longer at the discretion of the entity, on or before the end of the reporting period but not distributed at the end of the reporting period.

xxv) Rounding of amounts

All amounts disclosed in the financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest lakhs as per the requirement of Part I of Schedule III, unless otherwise stated.

(2) Critical estimates and judgements

The preparation of financial statements requires the use of accounting estimates which, by definition, will seldom equal the actual results. Management also needs to exercise judgements in applying the Company's accounting policies.

This note provides an overview of the areas that involved a higher degree of judgement or complexity, and of items which are more likely to be materially adjusted due to estimates and assumptions turning out to be different than those originally assessed. Detailed information about each of these estimates and judgements is included in relevant notes together with information about the basis of calculation for each affected line item in the financial statements.

Critical estimates and judgements

The areas involving critical estimates or judgements are:

- Estimation of defined benefit obligations Note 14

- Provision for litigations and contingent liabilities Note 14 and 32

- Estimation of current tax expense and payable Note 26

- Impairment of trade receivables Note 28

- Right of use assets Note 5

- Right of use liabilities Note 13(a)

Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated. They are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that may have a financial impact on the Company and that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.