1. Background

Harrisons Malayalam Limited ("the Company") is a Public Company domiciled in India and is incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act applicable in India. It's shares are listed in two recognised stock exchanges in India (NSE and BSE). The registered office of the Company is located at 24/1624, Bristow Road, WiMingdon Island, Cochin. The Company is principally engaged in plantations having tea and rubber estates in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

2. Summary of material accounting policies

a) Basis of preparation and presentation of financial statements

i) Statement of compliance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS)

The standalone financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in India including Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) prescribed under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and as amended. The aforesaid standalone financial statements have been approved by the Board of Directors in the meeting held on 24 May 2024.

ii) Basis of accounting and measurement

The Company has prepared these financial statements which comprise the Balance Sheet as at 31 March 2024, the Statement of Profit and Loss, the Statements of Cash Flows and the Statement of Changes in Equity for the year ended 31 March 2024, and accounting policies and other explanatory information (together hereinafter referred to as “standalone financial statements”).

The standalone financial statements have been prepared using the material accounting policies and measurement bases summarized below. These accounting policies have been used throughout all periods presented in these financial statements except for the changes below.

The standalone financial statements have been prepared on an accrual basis and in accordance with the historical cost convention, unless otherwise stated. All amounts included in the standalone financial statements are reported in Indian Rupees (?) lakhs and have been rounded off to nearest decimal of ' lakhs.

b) Use of estimates

The preparation of the standalone financial statements requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, and the accompanying disclosures. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities affected in future periods.

The Company bases its estimates and assumptions on parameters available when the standalone financial statements were prepared. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market changes or circumstances arising that are beyond the control of the Company. Such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur.

Significant management judgements

The following are significant management judgements in applying the accounting policies of the Company that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the standalone financial statements or that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.

Classification of leases

The Company enters into leasing arrangements for various assets. The classification of the leasing arrangement as a finance lease or operating lease is based on an assessment of several factors, including, but not limited to, transfer of ownership of leased asset at the end of lease term, lessee's option to purchase and estimated certainty of exercise of such option, proportion of lease term to the asset's economic life, proportion of present value of minimum lease payments to fair value of leased asset and extent of specialised nature of the leased asset.

Recoverability of advances / receivables

At each balance sheet date, based on historical default rates observed over expected life, the management assesses the expected credit loss on outstanding receivables and advances.

Useful lives of depreciable / amortisable assets

Management reviews its estimate of the useful lives of depreciable / amortisable assets at each reporting date, based

on the expected utility of the assets. Uncertainties in these estimates relate to technical and economic obsolescence that may change the utility of certain items of property, plant and equipment.

Contingent liability

Management reviews its estimate of the financial impact of the contingent liability at each reporting date, based on the demands received from various Departmental authorities.

Litigations

Management reviews its estimate of the impact of the litigations liability at each reporting date, based on the land matters pending with various Courts.

Defined benefit obligation (DBO)

Management's estimate of the DBO is based on a number of critical underlying assumptions such as standard rates of inflation, medical cost trends, mortality, discount rate and anticipation of future salary increases. Variation in these assumptions may significantly impact the DBO amount and the annual defined benefit expenses.

Fair value measurements

Management applies valuation techniques to determine the fair value of financial instruments (where active market quotes are not available) and non-financial assets. This involves developing estimates and assumptions consistent with how market participants would price the instrument. Management bases its assumptions on observable data as far as possible but this is not always available. In that case management uses the best information available. Estimated fair values may vary from the actual prices that would be achieved in an arm's length transaction at the reporting date.

Valuation of Agricultural Produce

Produce growing on Bearer plants are Biological Assets and are ‘fair valued' based on biological transformations. As at the Balance Sheet date, the Management has determined that it can reliably measure the biological transformations of its growing produce and such growing produce and agricultural produce have been measured at ‘fair values' based on the Management's estimates of expected produce. ‘Fair values' have been assessed at market prices at the reporting date and adjusted for estimates of costs to be incurred from the reporting date until harvest. Considering the susceptibility of the estimates to variations, these estimates and assumptions are reviewed at every reporting date until harvest and revisions to the ‘fair values' carried out on a cumulative basis. Such variations are considered as change in estimates and are presented as part of Changes in inventories of Finished Goods.

c) Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification.

An asset is treated as current when it is:

- Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle;

- Held primarily for the purpose of trading;

- Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or

- Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

- It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle;

- It is held primarily for the purpose of trading;

- It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

- There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other liabilities are classified as non-current.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has evaluated and considered its operating cycle as 12 months.

d) Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. Costs directly attributable to acquisition are capitalised until the property, plant and equipment are ready for use, as intended by management.

Cost comprises the purchase price and any attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use. Cost includes inward freight, non refundable duties/ taxes and expenses incidental to acquisition/installation.

Expenses relating to new planting and further expenditure incurred at the replanted fields are capitalised.

Property, plant and equipment [other than freehold land and lease hold land (perpetual lease)] are depreciated under the written down value method [other than bearer plants (rubber trees and tea bushes) which are depreciated using straight line method] over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are different from the lives prescribed under Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. The useful lives have been arrived at based on technical assessment of the management.

Freehold land and leasehold land (perpetual lease) are not depreciated.

Useful life adopted by the Company for various class of assets is as follows:

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed periodically and updated as required, including at each financial year end.

e) Bearer Plants

All the expenses incurred on replanting of rubber and new plantings in tea have been identified and capitalized.

f) Intangible assets

Computer software is capitalised in the period in which the software is implemented for use, where it is expected to provide future enduring economic benefits; such capitalisation costs include license fees and cost of implementation/ system integration services.

Computer software capitalised are amortised on a straight line basis over a period of five years from the date of capitalisation.

g) Impairment of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets

The carrying amounts of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date if there is any indication of impairment based on internal/external factors. An impairment loss is recognised wherever the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment exceeds the recoverable amount (i.e. higher of net selling price and value in use). In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value at the weighted average cost of capital. After impairment, depreciation is provided on the revised carrying amounts of the assets over their remaining useful lives.

h) Assets held for sale

Items of property, plant and equipment that have been retired from active use and are held for disposal are stated at the lower of their net carrying amount and net realisable value and are shown separately in the standalone financial statements under the head ‘Assets classified as held for sale'. Any write-down in this regard is recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

i) Revenue recognition

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured, regardless of when the payment is being made. Revenue towards satisfaction of a performance obligation is measured at the amount of transaction price (net of variable consideration) allocated to that performance obligation. The transaction price of goods sold and services rendered is net

of variable consideration on account of various discounts and schemes offered by the Company as part of the contract. The specific recognition criteria described below must also be met before revenue is recognised.

Revenue from sale of goods

Revenue from sale of tea at auction is recognized on receipt of the sale note from the brokers. Revenue from sale of tea other than at auction and sale of rubber is recognized on transfer of significant risks and rewards of ownership in goods in accordance with the terms of sale.

Revenue from contract with customers

The Company recognizes the amount as revenue from contracts with customers, which is received for the transfer of promised goods to customers in exchange for those goods. The relevant point in time or period of time is the transfer of control of the goods. Revenue is reduced for customer returns, taxes on sales, estimated rebates and other similar allowances. The transaction price is determined and allocated to the performance obligations according to the requirements of Ind AS 115. Performance obligations are deemed to have been met when the control of goods is transferred to the customer.

The Company has entered into a barter arrangement with vendors wherein the vendors are allowed to cultivate pineapple in few rubber estates with a condition that these vendors to bear the cost of replanting of rubber plants in these estates, in lieu of cultivation rent otherwise payable by vendors to the company. The transaction price in the above arrangement has been accounted at fair value as per Ind AS 115 Revenue from contracts with customers.

Interest income

Interest income is reported on an accrual basis using the effective interest method and is included under the head “Other income” in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Export Incentive

Income from Export incentives are recognised when right to receive credit as per the terms of the scheme is established and when there is certainty of realisation.

j) Inventories

Valuation of inventory of finished products of tea and rubber have been done as per Ind AS 2 ‘Inventories'. Inventories are stated at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined on weighted average basis and includes expenditure incurred in the normal course of business in bringing inventories to its location and condition, labour and overhead, where applicable. Inventories are written down for obsolete/slow moving/non moving items wherever necessary.

Ind AS 41 Agriculture' deals with the recognition and valuation of agricultural produce viz. standing crop of tea and rubber as biological assets. The Company has valued its standing crops for tea and rubber at the reporting date at their fair value less cost to sell at the point of harvest.The fair valuation so arrived at becomes the cost of Inventory under Ind AS-2.

k) Employee benefits

Expenses and liabilities in respect of employee benefits are recorded in accordance with Ind AS 19, Employee Benefits. Defined contribution plan

(i) Provident fund

This is a defined contribution plan where contributions are remitted to provident fund authorities in accordance with the relevant statute and charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the related employee services are rendered. The Company has no further obligations for future provident fund benefits in respect of these employees other than its monthly contributions.

(ii) Superannuation

This is a defined contribution plan. The Company contributes as per the scheme to superannuation fund administered by Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). The Company has no further obligations for future superannuation benefits other than its annual contributions and recognises such contributions as expense in the period in which the related employee services are rendered.

Defined benefit plan

(i) Gratuity

This is a defined benefit plan. Provision is based on year-end actuarial valuation using projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains / losses are recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss as income or expense.

(ii) Compensated absences

This is a defined benefit plan. Provision is based on year-end actuarial valuation using projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains/ losses are recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss as income or expense."

The present value of the defined benefit obligation denominated in ' is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on government bonds that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation.

Service cost on the Company's defined benefit plan is included in employee benefits expense. Employee contributions, all of which are independent of the number of years of service, are treated as a reduction of service cost.

Gains and losses through re-measurements of the defined benefit plans are recognised in other comprehensive income, which are not reclassified to profit or loss in a subsequent period. Further, as required under Ind AS compliant Schedule III, the Company transfers those amounts recognised in other comprehensive income to retained earnings in the statement of changes in equity and balance sheet.

Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits comprise of employee costs such as salaries, bonus etc. is recognised on the basis of the amount paid or payable for the period during which services are rendered by the employee."

l) Foreign currency transactions

Functional and presentation currency

The functional currency of the Company is the Indian Rupee. These standalone financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (').

Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognised in Statement of Profit or Loss.

m) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. A qualifying asset is one that necessarily takes substantial period of time to get ready for intended use. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds.

n) Investments in subsidiaries

The Company's investment in equity instruments in subsidiaries are accounted for at cost. Where the carrying amount of an investment is greater than its estimated recoverable amount, it is written down immediately to its recoverable amount and the difference is transferred to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

o) Government grants/ Subsidy

Revenue subsidy receivable from Tea Board towards manufacture of orthodox tea is accrued on production of orthodox tea. Revenue subsidy receivable from Tea Board towards replanting activities undertaken is accounted on sanction of such subsidy by the Tea Board. Capital subsidy from Tea Board and Rubber Board is adjusted against the cost of specific depreciable assets on receipt of such subsidy.

p) Income taxes

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred income tax. Current and deferred tax is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

Current income tax for current and prior periods is recognised at the amount expected to be paid to or recovered from the tax authorities, using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

Deferred income tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no

longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognised as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment or the substantive enactment date. A deferred income tax asset is recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and tax losses can be utilised. The Company offsets current tax assets and current tax liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right to setoff the recognised amounts and where it intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

q) Provisions and contingencies

Provisions

A provision is recognised if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that is reasonably estimable, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as interest expense.

Contingent liabilities

A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that is not recognised because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or it cannot be measured with sufficient reliability. The Company does not recognise a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the standalone financial statements.

r) Financial instruments Financial assets

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets (other than trade receivables) are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the financial instrument and are measured initially at fair value adjusted for transaction costs, except for those carried at fair value through statement of profit and loss which are measured initially at fair value. Subsequent measurement of financial assets is described below. Trade receivables are recognised at their transaction price as the same do not contain significant financing component.

Subsequent measurement

For the purpose of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified and measured based on the entity's business model for managing the financial asset and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset at:

a. Amortised cost

b. Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI) or

c. Fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

All financial assets are reviewed for impairment at least at each reporting date to identify whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. Different criteria to determine impairment are applied for each category of financial assets, which are described below.

(i) Financial asset at amortised cost

Includes assets that are held within a business model where the objective is to hold the financial assets to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms gives rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

These assets are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The loss allowance at each reporting period is evaluated based on the expected credit losses for next 12 months and credit risk exposure. The Company shall also measure the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition.

(ii) Financial assets at fair falue through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

Includes assets that are held within a business model where the objective is both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets along with the contractual terms giving rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. At initial recognition, the Company, based on its assessment, makes an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income the changes in the fair value of an investment in an equity instrument that is not held for trading. These elections are made on an instrument-by instrument (i.e.., share-by-share) basis. If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, impairment gains or losses and foreign exchange gains and losses, are recognised in other comprehensive income. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to profit or loss, even on sale of investment. The dividends from such instruments are recognised in statement of profit and loss.

The fair value of financial assets in this category are determined by reference to active market transactions or using a valuation technique where no active market exists.

The loss allowance at each reporting period is evaluated based on the expected credit losses for next 12 months and credit risk exposure. The Company shall also measure the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. The loss allowance shall be recognised in other comprehensive income and shall not reduce the carrying amount of the financial asset in the balance sheet.

(iii) Financial assets at fair falue through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Financial assets at FVTPL include financial assets that are designated at FVTPL upon initial recognition and financial assets that are not measured at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income. All derivative financial instruments fall into this category, except for those designated and effective as hedging instruments, for which the hedge accounting requirements apply. Assets in this category are measured at fair value with gains or losses recognised in statement of profit and loss. The fair value of financial assets in this category are determined by reference to active market transactions or using a valuation technique where no active market exists.

The loss allowance at each reporting period is evaluated based on the expected credit losses for next 12 months and credit risk exposure. The Company shall also measure the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. The loss allowance shall be recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

De-recognition of financial assets

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised (i.e. removed from the Company's standalone balance sheet) when:

a. The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or

b. The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through' arrangement and either (i) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (ii) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a passthrough arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of the Company's continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognises an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Company could be required to repay.

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.

All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

The Company's financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the Company that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments.

Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognised in the profit or loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognised in OCI. These gains/ loss are not subsequently transferred to P&L. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognised in the statement of profit or loss. The Company has not designated any financial liability as at fair value through profit and loss.

Loans and borrowings

This is the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss. This category generally applies to borrowings.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

Derivative financial instruments

Initial recognition and subsequent measurement

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts to hedge its foreign currency risks. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.

Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to profit or loss, except for the effective portion of cash flow hedges, which is recognised in OCI and later reclassified to profit or loss when the hedge item affects profit or loss or treated as basis adjustment if a hedged forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability.

s) Impairment of financial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss for financial assets.

The Company tracks credit risk and changes thereon for each customer. For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss.

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e., all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:

- All contractual terms of the financial instrument over the expected life of the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated reliably, then the entity uses the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument.

- Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

The Company uses default rate for credit risk to determine impairment loss allowance on portfolio of its trade receivables. Trade receivables

The Company applies approach permitted by Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from initial recognition of receivables.

Other financial assets

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition and if credit risk has increased significantly, impairment loss is provided."

t) Fair value measurement

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

- In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

- In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the standalone financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

u) Segment reporting

The Company is engaged in plantations having tea and rubber estates. The business segments identified for segment reporting are Tea, Rubber and Others as the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), reviews business performance at these levels.The Company has considered business segments as the primary segment. The business segments are tea, rubber and others which have been identified taking into account the organisational structure as well as the differing risks and returns of these segments.

v) Earnings/ (loss) per share (EPS)

Basic EPS are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. Partly paid equity shares are treated as a fraction of an equity share to the extent that they are entitled to participate in dividends relative to a fully paid equity share during the reporting period. The weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for events such as bonus issue that have changed the number of equity shares outstanding, without a corresponding change in resources.

Diluted EPS amounts are calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders of the Company (after adjusting for interest on the convertible preference shares, if any) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of equity shares that would be issued on conversion of all the dilutive potential equity shares into equity shares. Dilutive potential equity shares are deemed converted as of the beginning of the period, unless issued at a later date. Dilutive potential equity shares are determined independently for each period presented.

w) Leases

Effective from 1st April 2019, the Company adopted Ind AS 116 - Leases and applied the standard to all lease contracts existing as on 1st April 2019 using the modified retrospective method on the date of initial application i.e. 1st April 2019. At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

i. As a lessee

The Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The estimated useful lives of right-of-use assets are determined on the same basis as those of property, plant and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain re-measurements of the lease liability.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company's incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate. Subsequently, the lease liability is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Company's estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if the Company changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option.

When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company has elected not to recognise right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short term leases of real estate properties that have a lease term of 12 months. The Company recognises the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term."

Operating Lease

In the comparative period, leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are not transferred to the Company as lessee are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) are charged to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease unless the payments are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the lessor's expected inflationary cost increases.

ii. /4s a lessor

Lease income from operating leases where the Company is a lessor is recognised in income on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless the receipts are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the expected inflationary cost increases. The respective leased assets are included in the balance sheet based on their nature."

x) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalent in the statement of financial position comprises of cash at banks and on hand, demand deposits, short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less and highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

y) Recent accounting pronouncements

Standards issued but not effective on Balance Sheet date:

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has vide notification dated 31 March 2023 notified Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2023 which amends certain accounting standards, and are effective 1 April 2023. These amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company in the current or future reporting periods and on foreseeable future transactions.

a) . Ind AS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements

The amendments require companies to disclose their material accounting policies rather than their significant accounting policies. Accounting policy information, together with other information, is material when it can reasonably be expected to influence decisions of primary users of general purpose financial statements. The Company does not expect this amendment to have any significant impact in its financial statements.

b) . Ind AS 12 - Income Taxes

The amendments clarify how companies account for deferred tax on transactions such as leases and decommissioning obligations. The amendments narrowed the scope of the recognition exemption in paragraphs 15 and 24 of Ind AS 12 (recognition exemption) so that it no longer applies to transactions that, on initial recognition, give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences. The Company does not expect this amendment to have any significant impact in its financial statements.

c) . Ind AS 8 Accounting policies, Changes in Acconting Estimates and Errors

The amendments will help entities to distinguish between accounting policies and accounting estimates. The definition of a change in accounting estimates has been replaced with a definition of accounting estimates. Under the new definition, accounting estimates are “monetary amounts in financial statements that are subject to measurement uncertainty”. Entities develop accounting estimates if accounting policies require items in financial statements to be measured in a way that involves measurement uncertainty. The Company does not expect this amendment to have any significant impact in its financial statements.