1 Overview

Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited ('HDFC' or 'the Corporation' or 'the Company') was incorporated in 1977 as the first specialised Mortgage Company domiciled in India as a limited company having its Corporate office at HDFC House, H T Parekh Marg, Churchgate, Mumbai 400 020. The principal business is providing finance to individuals, corporates and developers for the purchase, construction, development and repair of houses, apartments and commercial properties in India. The business is conducted through its branches in India and its overseas offices at London, Singapore and Dubai supported by a network of agents for sourcing loans as well as deposits. HDFC is the holding company for investments in its associates and subsidiary companies. The Corporation is a public limited company and its shares are listed on the BSE Limited, India, and the National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. (NSE), India, and the Corporation's Synthetic INR Denominated bonds are listed on the London Stock Exchange.

2 Basis of Preparation and Presentation2.1 Statement of Compliance and Basis of Preparation and Presentation

The Balance Sheet, the Statement of Profit and Loss and the Statement of Changes in Equity are prepared and presented in the format prescribed in the Division III of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013 (the “Act"). The Statement of Cash Flows has been prepared and presented as per the requirements of Ind AS 7 “Statement of Cash Flows". The Balance Sheet, Statement of Profit and Loss, Statement of Cash Flow and Statement of Changes in Equity are together referred as the financial statement of the Corporation.

The standalone financial statements of the Corporation are prepared in accordance with the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 under Section 133 of Act and relevant amendment rules issued thereafter (“Ind AS").

The financial statements are prepared and presented on going concern basis and the relevant provisions of Act and the guidelines and directives issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and National Housing Bank (“NHB") to the extent applicable.

Amounts in the financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees in crore rounded off to two decimal places as permitted by Schedule III to the Act. Per share data is presented in Indian Rupee to two decimal places. The Corporation presents its Balance Sheet in the order of liquidity. An analysis regarding maturity of assets and liabilities within 12 months after the reporting date and more than 12 months after the reporting date is presented in Note 39.

Accounting policies are consistently applied except where a newly-issued Ind AS initially adopted or a revision to an existing Ind AS requires a change in the accounting policy.

2.2 Functional and Presentation Currency

The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (?) which is the functional and the presentation currency of the Corporation and all values are rounded to the nearest crore with two decimals, except when otherwise indicated.

2.3 Basis of Measurement

The financial statements have been prepared on historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair values.

A historical cost is a measure of value used for accounting in which the price of an asset on the balance sheet is based on its historical cost, it is generally fair value of consideration given in exchange for goods and services at the time of transaction or original cost when acquired by the Corporation.

Fair value is the price that likely to be received on sell of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Corporation takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability that market participants would take into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in the financial statements is determined on such a basis, except for share based payment transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 102 Share based payment, leasing transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 116 Leases.

Fair value measurements under Ind AS are categorised into fair value hierarchy based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows:

• Level 1 quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Corporation can access on measurement date;

• Level 2 inputs, other than quoted prices included within level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

• Level 3 where unobservable inputs are used for the valuation of assets or liabilities.

2.4 Use of Estimates and Judgements

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Indian Accounting Standards (“Ind AS") requires the management to make estimates, judgements and assumptions. These estimates, judgements and assumptions affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the year. Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised prospectively. The Management believes that the estimates used in preparation of the financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Future results could differ due to these estimates and the differences between the actual results and the estimates are recognised in the periods in which the results are known / materialise. Some of the areas involving significant estimation / judgement are determination of Expected Credit Loss, fair valuation of Investments, Income taxes, share based payments and employee benefits.

3 Significant Accounting Policies3.1 Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Corporation and the revenue can be reliably measured and there exists reasonable certainty of its recovery.

3.1.1 Interest

Interest income on financial instruments is recognised on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the effective interest rate (“EIR") applicable.

The EIR is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash flows of the financial instrument through the expected life of the financial instrument or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount. The future cash flows are estimated taking into account all the contractual terms of the instrument.

The calculation of the EIR includes all fees paid or received between parties to the contract that are incremental and directly attributable to the specific lending arrangement, transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts. For financial assets measured at fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL"), transaction costs are recognised in the statement of profit and loss at initial recognition.

Interest income/expenses is calculated by applying the EIR to the gross carrying amount of non-credit impaired financial assets/liabilities (i.e. at the amortised cost of the financial asset before adjusting for any expected credit loss allowance). For credit-impaired financial assets, interest income is calculated by applying the EIR to the amortised cost of the credit-impaired financial assets (i.e. the gross carrying amount less the allowance for expected credit losses).

3.1.2 Dividend Income

Dividend income is recognised when the Corporation's right to receive dividend is established.

3.1.3 Fee and Commission Income

Fee and commission income include fees other than those that are an integral part of EIR. The Corporation recognises the fee and commission income in accordance with the terms of the relevant contracts / agreement and when it is probable that the Corporation will collect the consideration.

3.1.4 Income on Derecognised (Assigned) loans

Gains arising out of direct assignment transactions comprises of the difference between interest on the loan portfolio and the applicable rate at which the direct assignment is entered into with the assignee, also known as the right of excess interest spread (EIS). The future EIS basis the scheduled cash flow on execution of the transaction, discounted at the applicable rate entered into with the assignee is recorded upfront in the statement of profit and loss.

3.1.5 Rental Income

Income from operating leases are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as per the contractual rentals unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which benefits are derived from the leased assets.

3.1.6 Other Income

Other Income represents income earned from the activities incidental to the business and is recognised when the right to receive the income is established as per the terms of the contract.

3.2 Financial Instruments3.2.1 Fair Valuation of Investments (other than Investment in Subsidiaries and Associates)

Some of the Corporation's Investments (other than Investment in Subsidiaries and Associates) are measured at fair value. In determining the fair value of such Investments, the Corporation uses quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or based on inputs which are observable either directly or indirectly. However in certain cases, the Corporation adopts valuation techniques and inputs which are not based on market data. When Market observable information is not available, the Corporation has applied appropriate valuation techniques and inputs to the valuation model.

The Corporation uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data is available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

Information about the valuation techniques and inputs used in determining the fair value of Investments are disclosed in Note 43.3.2.

3.2.2 Recognition and Initial Measurement

All financial assets and liabilities, (including financial instruments received in settlement of erstwhile loan assets) with the exception of loans, debt securities, deposits and borrowings are initially recognised on the trade date, i.e., the date that the Corporation becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Loans are recognised when fund transfer is initiated or disbursement cheque is issued to the customer. The Corporation recognises debt securities, deposits and borrowings when funds are received by the Corporation.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs and revenues that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities measured at FVTPL) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs and revenues directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities measured at FVTPL are recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

If the transaction price differs from fair value at initial recognition, the Corporation recognise for such difference as follows:

• if fair value is evidenced by a quoted price in an active market for an identical asset or liability or based on a valuation technique that uses only data from observable markets, then the difference is recognised in the statement of profit and loss on initial recognition (i.e. day 1 profit or loss);

• in all other cases, the fair value will be adjusted to defer the difference between the fair value at initial recognition and the transaction price.

After initial recognition, the deferred gain or loss will be recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a rational basis, only to the extent that it arises from a change in a factor (including time) that market participants would take into account when pricing the asset or liability.

3.2.3 Classification and Subsequent Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities

3.2.3.1 Financial Assets

The Corporation classifies and measures all its financial assets based on the business model for managing the assets and the asset's contractual terms, either at:

• Amortised cost

• Fair Value through other comprehensive income

• Fair Value through Profit and Loss

3.2.3.1.1 Amortised Cost

The Corporation classifies and measures cash and bank balances, Loans, Trade receivable, certain debt investments and other financial assets at amortised cost if the following condition is met:

• Financial Assets that are held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect the contractual cash flows, and that have contractual cash flows that are SPPI;

3.2.3.1.2 Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (“FVOCI”)

The Corporation classifies and measures certain debt instruments at FVOCI when the investments are held within a business model, the objective of which is achieved by both, collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial instruments and the contractual terms of the financial instruments meet the Solely Payment of Principal and Interest on principal amount outstanding ('SPPI') test.

The Corporation measures all equity investments at fair value through profit or loss, unless the investments is not for trading and the Corporation's management has elected to classify irrevocably some of its equity instruments at FVOCI, when such instruments meet the definition of Equity under Ind AS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation and are not held for trading. Such classification is determined on an instrument-by-instrument basis.

3.2.3.1.3 Fair Value through Profit and Loss (“FVTPL”)

Financial assets at FVTPL are:

• assets with contractual cash flows that are not SPPI; and/or

• assets that are held in a business model other than held to collect contractual cash flows or held to collect and sell; or

• assets designated at FVTPL using the fair value option.

These assets are measured at fair value, with any gains/losses arising on remeasurement is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

3.2.4 Evaluation of Business Model

Classification and measurement of financial instruments depends on the results of the Solely Payments of Principal and Interest on the principal amount outstanding (“SPPI") and the business model test (refer note 3.2.4.1). The Corporation determines the business model at a level that reflects how the Corporation's financial instruments are managed together to achieve a particular business objective.

The Corporation monitors financial assets measured at amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income that are derecognised prior to their maturity to understand the reason for their disposal and whether the reasons are consistent with the objective of the business for which the asset was held. Monitoring is part of the Corporation's continuous assessment of whether the business model for which the remaining financial assets are held continues to be appropriate and if it is not appropriate whether there has been a change in business model and so a prospective change to the classification of those instruments.

3.2.4.1 Business Model Test

An assessment of business model for managing financial assets is fundamental to the classification of a financial asset. The Corporation determines the business model at a level that reflects how financial assets are managed together to achieve a particular business objective. The Corporation's business model does not depend on management's intentions for an individual instrument, therefore the business model assessment is performed at a higher level of aggregation rather than on an instrument-by-instrument basis.

The Corporation considers all relevant information and evidence available when making the business model assessment such as:

• how the performance of the business model and the financial assets held within that business model are evaluated and reported to the Corporation's key management personnel;

• the risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and, in particular, the way in which those risks are managed; and

• how managers of the business are compensated (e.g. whether the compensation is based on the fair value of the assets managed or on the contractual cash flows collected).

At initial recognition of a financial asset, the Corporation determines whether newly recognised financial assets are part of an existing business model or whether they reflect a new business model. The Corporation reassesses it's business model at each reporting period to determine whether the business model has changed since the preceding period. For the current and prior reporting period the Corporation has not identified a change in its business model.

The loans initiated by the Corporation and outstanding as at reporting date include loans for which an option is given to a third party to acquire loans by way of assignment. This is consequent to an arrangement with the

party that sources loans for the Corporation and has an option to acquire certain quantum of loans through assignment, which is a fixed percentage of the aggregate value of loans sourced by it for the Corporation at a predetermined price. As per the arrangement, loans assigned are substituted by newly sourced loans by the third party which ensures contractual cash flows are collected by the Corporation. Accordingly, all such outstanding loans have been classified at amortised cost under the current Business model. Assignment of loans that occur for other reasons, such as assignment made to manage credit concentration risk (without an increase in the assets' credit risk), is consistent with a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows. In particular, such assignment is consistent with a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows.

Solely Payments of Principal and Interest (“SPPI”) on the principal amount outstanding

For an asset to be classified and measured at amortised cost or at FVOCI, its contractual terms should give

rise to cash flows that meet SPPI test.

For the purpose of SPPI test, principal is the fair value of the financial asset at initial recognition. That principal amount may change over the life of the financial asset (e.g. if there are repayments of principal). Interest consists of consideration for the time value of money, for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs, as well as a profit margin.

Contractual terms that introduce exposure to risks or volatility in the contractual cash flows that are unrelated to a basic lending arrangement, such as exposure to changes in equity prices or commodity prices, do not give rise to contractual cash flows that are SPPI, such financial assets are either classified as fair value through profit & loss account or fair value through other comprehensive income.

3.2.4.1.1 Subsequent Measurement and Gain and Losses Financial Assets at Amortised Cost

These assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The amortised cost is reduced by impairment losses. Interest income and impairment loss are recognised in statement of profit and loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognised in statement of profit and loss.

Debt Instrument at FVOCI

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Interest income and impairment loss are recognised in statement of profit and loss. Any gain or loss on subsequent measurement is recognised in OCI and on derecognition the cumulative gain or loss recognised in OCI will be recycled to statement of profit and loss.

Equity Instrument at FVOCI

Gains and losses on equity instruments measured at FVOCI are recognised in other comprehensive income and never recycled to the statement of profit and loss. Dividends are recognised in profit or loss as dividend income when the right to receive payment has been established, except when the Corporation benefits from such proceeds as a recovery of whole or part of the cost of the instrument, in which case, such gains are recorded in OCI. Equity instruments at FVOCI are fair valued at each reporting date and not subject to an impairment assessment.

Financial Assets at FVTPL

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Net gain or losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

3.2.4.1.2 Reclassifications

If the business model under which the Corporation holds financial assets changes, the financial assets affected are reclassified. The classification and measurement requirements related to the new category apply prospectively from the first day of the first reporting period following the change in business model that result in reclassifying the Corporation's financial assets.

3.2.4.2 Financial Liabilities and Equity Instruments

3.2.4.2.1 Classification as Debt or Equity

Debt and equity instruments that are issued are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement.

A financial liability is a contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset or to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the Corporation or a contract that will or may be settled in the Corporation's own equity instruments and is a non-derivative contract for which the Corporation is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of its own equity instruments, or a derivative contract over own equity that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash (or another financial asset) for a fixed number of the Corporation's own equity instruments.

3.2.4.2 2 Equity Instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Corporation are recognised at the face value and proceeds received in excess of the face value are recognised as Securities Premium.

3.2.4.2 3 Subsequent Measurement and Gain and Losses

Financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Interest expense is recognised in statement of profit and loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognised in statement of profit and loss.

3.2.5 Impairment and Write-off

The Corporation recognises loss allowances for Expected Credit Losses on the following financial instruments that are not measured at FVTPL:

- Loans and advances to customers;

- Other financial assets;

- Debt instruments measured at amortised cost and at FVOCI;

- Loan commitments; and

- Financial guarantees.

Equity instruments are measured at fair value and not subject to an impairment loss.

ECL is required to be measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to:

• 12-month ECL, i.e. loss allowance on default events on the financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date, (referred to as Stage 1); or

• Lifetime ECL, i.e. lifetime ECL that results from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument, (referred to as Stage 2 and Stage 3).

A loss allowance for lifetime ECL is required for a financial instrument if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. For all other financial instruments, ECL is measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECL.

The Corporation has established a policy to perform an assessment at the end of each reporting period whether a financial instrument's credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition by considering the change in the risk of default occurring over the remaining life of the financial instruments.

Based on the above process, the Corporation categorises its loans into Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 as described below:

Stage 1: When loans are first recognised, the Corporation recognises an allowance based on 12 months ECL. Stage 1 loans also include facilities where the credit risk has improved and the loan has been reclassified from Stage 2 to Stage 1.

Stage 2: When a loan has shown a significant increase in credit risk since origination, the Corporation records an allowance for the life time expected credit losses. Stage 2 loans also include facilities, where the credit risk has improved and the loan has been reclassified from Stage 3 to Stage 2.

Stage 3: When loans are considered credit-impaired, the Corporation records an allowance for the life time expected credit losses.

For financial assets for which the Corporation has no reasonable expectations of recovering either the entire outstanding amount, or a proportion thereof, the gross carrying amount of the financial asset is reduced. This is considered a (partial) derecognition of the financial asset.

3.2.6 Determination of Expected Credit Loss (“ECL”)

The measurement of impairment losses (ECL) across all categories of financial assets requires judgement.

In particular, the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash flows based on Corporation's historical experience and collateral values when determining impairment losses along with the assessment of a significant increase in credit risk. These estimates are driven by a number of factors, changes in which can result in different levels of allowances.

Elements of the ECL models that are considered accounting judgments and estimates include:

• Bifurcation of the financial assets into different portfolios when ECL is assessed on a collective basis.

• Corporation's criteria for assessing if there has been a significant increase in credit risk.

• Development of ECL models, including choice of inputs / assumptions used.

The various inputs used and the process followed by the Corporation in measurement of ECL has been detailed below.

3.2.61 Measurement of Expected Credit Losses

The Corporation calculates ECL based on probability-weighted scenarios to measure expected cash shortfalls, discounted at an approximation to the portfolio. A cash shortfall is a difference between the cash flows that are due to the Corporation in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Corporation expects to receive.

When estimating ECL for undrawn loan commitments, the Corporation estimates the expected portion of the loan commitment that will be drawn down over its expected life. The ECL is then based on the present value of the expected shortfalls in cash flows if the loan is drawn down. The expected cash shortfalls are discounted at an approximation to the Interest rate on the loan.

The Corporation's ECL for financial guarantee is estimated based on the present value of the expected payments to reimburse the holder for a credit loss that it incurs.

The Corporation measures ECL on an individual basis, or on a collective basis for portfolios of loans that share similar economic risk characteristics. The measurement of the loss allowance is based on the present value of the asset's expected cash flows using the asset's original EIR, regardless of whether it is measured on an individual basis or a collective basis.

The mechanics of the ECL calculations are outlined below and the key elements are, as follows:

Exposure at Default (EAD) is an total amount outstanding including accrued interest as of reporting date, taking into account expected changes in the exposure after the reporting date, including repayments of principal and interest, whether scheduled by contract or otherwise, expected drawdowns on committed facilities after considering the credit conversion factor (for Stage 1 and Stage 2 assets), and accrued interest from missed payments.

Probability of Default (PD) is the probability of whether borrowers will default on their obligations which are calculated based on historical default rate summary of past years using origination vintage analysis. Historical default rate are further calibrated with forward looking macroeconomic factors to determine the PD.

Loss Given Default (LGD) is an estimate of the loss from a financial asset given that a default occurs. The LGD is computed using the Corporation's own loss and recovery experience. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the EAD.

3.2.6 2 Significant Increase in Credit Risk

The Corporation monitors all financial assets, including loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts issued that are subject to impairment requirements, to assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If there has been a significant increase in credit risk the Corporation measures the loss allowance based on lifetime rather than 12-month ECL. The Corporation monitors all financial assets, issued loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts that are subject to impairment for a significant increase in credit risk.

In assessing whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition, the Corporation compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument at the reporting date based on the remaining maturity of the instrument with the risk of a default occurring that was anticipated for the remaining maturity at the current reporting date when the financial instrument was first recognised. In making this assessment, the Corporation considers both quantitative and qualitative information that is reasonable and supportable, including historical experience that is available without undue cost or effort.

The quantitative factors that indicate a significant increase in credit risk are reflected in PD models on a timely basis. However, the Corporation still considers separately some qualitative factors to assess if credit risk has increased significantly. For corporate lending, there is a particular focus on assets that are included on a 'watch list'. Given an exposure is on a watch list once, there is a concern that the creditworthiness of the specific counterparty has deteriorated. ECL assessment for watch list accounts is done on a case by case approach after considering the probability of weighted average in a different recovery scenario. For individual loans the Corporation considers the expectation of forbearance, payment holidays, and events such as unemployment, bankruptcy, divorce, or death.

Given that a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition is a relative measure, a given change, in absolute terms, in the PD is more significant for a financial instrument with a lower initial PD than compared to a financial instrument with a higher PD.

As a back-stop when a financial asset becomes 30 days past due and overdue more than 1 calendar month, but not Stage 3; in addition to SICR accounts, the Corporation considers that a significant increase in credit risk has occurred and the asset is classified in stage 2 of the impairment model, i.e. the loss allowance is measured as the lifetime ECL.

3,2,6 3 Credit-Impaired Financial Assets

A financial asset is 'credit-impaired' when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred. Credit-impaired financial assets are referred to as Stage 3 assets. Evidence of credit-impairment includes observable data about the following events:

• significant financial difficulty of the borrower or issuer;

• a breach of contract such as a default or past due event;

• restructuring of loans due to financial difficulty of the borrowers;

• the disappearance of an active market for a security because of financial difficulties; or

• the purchase of a financial asset at a deep discount that reflects the incurred credit losses.

It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event. Instead the combined effect of several events may

have caused financial assets to become credit-impaired. The Corporation assesses whether debt instruments that are financial assets measured at amortised cost or FVOCI are credit-impaired at each reporting date. To assess if corporate debt instruments are credit impaired, the Corporation considers factors such as bond yields, credit ratings and the ability of the borrower to raise funds.

A loan is considered credit-impaired when a concession is granted to the borrower due to deterioration in the borrower's financial condition. The definition of default includes unlikeliness to pay indicators and a back-stop if amounts are overdue for more than 90 days.

Borrowers forming part of schemes released under the regulatory packages like Moratorium, One-Time Restructuring (OTR) 1 & 2 and Emergency credit linked guaranteed scheme were evaluated for credit impairment.

3 2 6 4 Definition of Default

The definition of default is used in measuring the amount of ECL and in the determination of whether the loss allowance is based on 12-month or lifetime ECL.

The Corporation considers the following as constituting an event of default:

• the borrower is past due more than 90 days Accounts Identified by the Corporation as NPA as per regulatory guidelines Objective Evidence for impairment (Qualitative Overlay); or

• the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligations to the Corporation.

When assessing if the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligation, the Corporation takes into account both qualitative and quantitative indicators. The information assessed depends on the type of the asset, for example in corporate lending a qualitative indicator used is the breach of covenants, which is not as relevant for individual lending. Quantitative indicators, such as overdue status and non-payment on another obligation of the same counterparty are key inputs in this analysis.

Pursuant to RBI Circular RBI/2021-22/125 D0R.STR.REC.68/21.04.048/2021-22 dated November 12, 2021, on “Prudential Norms on Income Recognition, Asset Classification and Provisioning pertaining to Advances -Clarifications" the Corporation has taken necessary steps to revise its process of NPA classification to flag the borrower as overdue as part of the day-end process for the due date.

Further to this, on February 15, 2022, RBI allowed deferment of para 10 of the aforesaid circular till September 30, 2022 pertaining to upgrade of non performing accounts. However, the Corporation has not opted for the deferment.

3.2.65 Write-off

Loans and debt securities are written off when the Corporation has no reasonable expectations of recovering the financial asset (either in its entirety or a portion of it). This is the case when the Corporation determines that the borrower does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to

repay the amounts subject to the write-off. A write-off constitutes a derecognition event. The Corporation may apply enforcement activities to financial assets written off/ may assign / sell loan exposure to ARC / Bank / a financial institution for a negotiated consideration. Recoveries resulting from the Corporation's enforcement activities could result in impairment gains. The corporation has a Board approved policy on Write off and one time settlement of loans.

3.2.7 Modification and Derecognition of Financial Assets

A modification of a financial asset occurs when the contractual terms governing the cash flows of a financial asset are renegotiated or otherwise modified between the initial recognition and maturity of the financial asset. A modification affects the amount and/or timing of the contractual cash flows either immediately or at a future date. In addition, the introduction or adjustment of existing covenants of an existing loan would constitute a modification even if these new or adjusted covenants do not yet affect the cash flows immediately but may affect the cash flows depending on whether the covenant is or is not met (e.g. a change to the increase in the interest rate that arises when covenants are breached).

The Corporation renegotiates loans to customers in financial difficulty to maximise collection and minimise the risk of default. Loan forbearance is granted in cases where although the borrower made all reasonable efforts to pay under the original contractual terms, there is a high risk of default or default has already happened and the borrower is expected to be able to meet the revised terms. The revised terms in most of the cases include an extension of the maturity of the loan, changes to the timing of the cash flows of the loan (principal and interest repayment), reduction in the amount of cash flows due (principal and interest forgiveness) and amendments to covenants.

When a financial asset is modified the Corporation assesses whether this modification results in derecognition. In accordance with the Corporation's policy, a modification results in derecognition when it gives rise to substantially different terms. To determine if the modified terms are substantially different from the original contractual terms the Corporation considers the following:

Qualitative factors, such as contractual cash flows after modification, are no longer SPPI, change in currency or change of counterparty, the extent of change in interest rates, maturity, covenants, if these do not clearly indicate a substantial modification, then; a quantitative assessment is performed to compare the present value of the remaining contractual cash flows under the original terms with the contractual cash flows under the revised terms, both amounts discounted at the original EIR. If there is a significant difference in present value, the Corporation deems the arrangement substantially different, leading to derecognition.

In the case where the financial asset is derecognised the loss allowances for ECL is remeasured at the date of derecognition to determine the net carrying amount of the asset at that date. The difference between this revised carrying amount and the fair value of the new financial asset with the revised terms may lead to a gain or loss on derecognition. The new financial asset may have a loss allowance measured based on 12-month ECL except where the new loan is considered to be originated-credit impaired. This applies only in the case where the fair value of the new loan is recognised at a significant discount to its revised par amount because there remains a high risk of default which has not been reduced by the modification. The Corporation monitors the credit risk of modified financial assets by evaluating qualitative and quantitative information, such as if the borrower is in past due status under the new terms.

When the contractual terms of a financial asset are modified and the modification does not result in derecognition, the Corporation determines if the financial asset's credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition by comparing:

• The remaining lifetime PD estimated based on data at initial recognition and the original contractual terms;

• The remaining lifetime PD at the reporting date based on the modified terms.

For financial assets modified, where modification does not result in derecognition, the estimate of PD reflects the Corporation's ability to collect the modified cash flows taking into account the Corporation's previous experience of similar forbearance action, as well as various behavioural indicators, including the borrower's payment performance against the modified contractual terms. If the credit risk remains significantly higher than what was expected at initial recognition, the loss allowance is continued to be measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECL. The loss allowance on forborne loans is generally measured based on 12-month ECL when there is evidence of the borrower's improved repayment behaviour following modification leading to a reversal of the previous significant increase in credit risk.

Where a modification does not lead to derecognition, the Corporation calculates the modification gain/loss comparing the gross carrying amount before and after the modification (excluding the ECL allowance). Then the Corporation measures ECL for the modified asset, where the expected cash flows arising from the modified financial asset are included in calculating the expected cash shortfalls from the original asset.

The Corporation derecognises a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the asset's cash flows expire (including expiry arising from a modification with substantially different terms), or when the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset are transferred to another entity. If the Corporation neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Corporation recognises its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay. If the Corporation retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Corporation continues to recognise the financial asset and also recognises a collateralised borrowing for the proceeds received.

On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable and the cumulative gain/loss that had been recognised in OCI and accumulated in equity is recognised in the statement of profit and loss, with the exception of equity investment designated as measured at FVOCI, where the cumulative gain/loss previously recognised in OCI is not subsequently reclassified to the statement of profit and loss.

On derecognition of a financial asset other than in its entirety (e.g. when the Corporation retains an option to repurchase part of a transferred asset), the Corporation allocates the previous carrying amount of the financial asset between the part it continues to recognise under continuing involvement, and the part it no longer recognises on the basis of the relative fair values of those parts on the date of the transfer. The difference between the carrying amount allocated to the part that is no longer recognised and the sum of the consideration received for the part no longer recognised and any cumulative gain/loss allocated to it that had been recognised in OCI is recognised in the statement of profit and loss. A cumulative gain/loss that had been recognised in OCI is allocated between the part that continues to be recognised and the part that is no longer recognised on the basis of the relative fair values of those parts. This does not apply for equity investments designated as measured at FVOCI, as the cumulative gain/loss previously recognised in OCI is not subsequently reclassified to the statement of profit and loss.

3.2.8 Derecognition of Financial Liabilities

The Corporation derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Corporation's obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognised and the consideration paid and payable is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

3.2.9 Collateral Valuation and Repossession

The Corporation provides fully secured, partially secured, to individuals and Corporates. to mitigate the credit risk on financial assets, the Corporation seeks to use collateral, where possible as per the powers conferred on the Housing Finance Companies under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, 2002 (“SARFAESI").

In its normal course of business, the Corporation does not physically repossess properties or other assets in its retail portfolio, but engages external agents to recover funds, generally at auction, to settle outstanding debt. Any surplus funds are returned to the customers/obligors. As a result of this practice, the residential properties under legal repossession processes are not recorded on the balance sheet and not treated as non-current assets held for sale.

3.2.10 Servicing of Assets / Liabilities

The Corporation transfers loans through securitisation and direct assignment transactions. The transferred loans are de-recognised and gains/losses are accounted for, only if the Corporation transfers substantially all risks and rewards specified in the underlying assigned loan contract. In accordance with the Ind AS 109, on de-recognition of a financial asset under assigned transactions for a fee, the Corporation recognises the fair value of future service fee income over service obligations cost on net basis as service fee income in the statement of profit and loss and, correspondingly creates a service asset in balance sheet.

The Corporation recognises either a servicing asset or a servicing liability for servicing contract. If the fee to be received is not expected to compensate the Corporation adequately for performing the servicing activities, a servicing liability for the servicing obligation is recognised at its fair value. If the fee to be received is expected to be more than adequate compensation for the servicing activities, a servicing asset is recognised. Corresponding amount is recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss.

3.2.11 Derivative Financial Instruments

The Corporation enters into a variety of derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to interest rate risk and foreign exchange rate risk. Derivatives held include foreign exchange forward contracts, interest rate swaps, cross currency interest rate swaps and foreign exchange option contracts.

Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value at the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at each balance sheet date. The resulting gain/loss is recognised in the statement of profit and loss immediately unless the derivative is designated and is effective as a hedging instrument, in which event the timing of the recognition in the statement of profit and loss depends on the nature of the hedge relationship. The Corporation designates certain derivatives as either hedges of the fair value of recognised assets or liabilities (fair value hedges) or hedges of highly probable forecast transactions (cash flow hedges).

A derivative with a positive fair value is recognised as a financial asset whereas a derivative with a negative fair value is recognised as a financial liability.

3.2.11.1 Hedge Accounting

The Corporation makes use of derivative instruments to manage exposures to interest rate and foreign currency. In order to manage particular risks, the Corporation applies hedge accounting for transactions that meet specified criteria.

At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Corporation formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which the Corporation wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes the Corporation's risk management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge, the hedging / economic relationship, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged, hedge ratio and how the Corporation would assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrument's fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged item's fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an on-going basis to determine that they actually have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated.

Hedges that meet the criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for, as described below:

3.2.11.2 Fair Value Hedges

Fair value hedges hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognised asset or liability, or an identified portion of such an asset, liability, that is attributable to a particular risk and could affect profit or loss.

For designated and qualifying fair value hedges, the cumulative change in the fair value of a hedging derivative is recognised in the statement of profit and loss in Finance Costs. Meanwhile, the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item in the balance sheet and is also recognised in the statement of profit and loss in Finance Cost.

The Corporation classifies a fair value hedge relationship when the hedged item (or group of items) is a distinctively identifiable asset or liability hedged by one or a few hedging instruments. The financial instruments hedged for interest rate risk in a fair value hedge relationship is fixed rate debt issued and other borrowed funds. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or where the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the hedge relationship is discontinued prospectively. If the relationship does not meet hedge effectiveness criteria, the Corporation discontinues hedge accounting from the date on which the qualifying criteria are no longer met. For hedged items recorded at amortised cost, the accumulated fair value hedge adjustment to the carrying amount of the hedged item on termination of the hedge accounting relationship is amortised over the remaining term of the original hedge using the recalculated EIR method by recalculating the EIR at the date when the amortisation begins. If the hedged item is derecognised, the unamortised fair value adjustment is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

3.2.11.3 Cash Flow Hedges

A cash flow hedge is a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognised asset or liability (such as all or some future interest payments on variable rate debt) or a highly probable forecast transaction and could affect profit or loss.

For designated and qualifying cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument is initially recognised directly in OCI within equity (cash flow hedge reserve). The ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised immediately as Finance Cost in the statement of profit and loss.

When the hedged cash flow affects the statement of profit and loss, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recorded in the corresponding income or expense line of the statement of profit and loss.

When a hedging instrument expires, is sold, terminated, exercised, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss that has been recognised in OCI at that time remains in OCI and is recognised when the hedged forecast transaction is ultimately recognised in the statement of profit and loss. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss that was reported in OCI is immediately transferred to the statement of profit and loss.

3.2.12 Financial Guarantee Contracts

A financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payments when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument.

Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Corporation are initially measured at their fair values and, if not designated as at FVTPL and not arising from a transfer of a financial asset, are subsequently measured at the higher of:

• the amount of the loss allowance determined in accordance with Ind AS 109; and

• the amount initially recognised less, where appropriate, cumulative amount of income recognised in accordance with the Corporation's revenue recognition policies.

The Corporation has not designated any financial guarantee contracts as FVTPL.

3.2.13 Accounting for Repo/Reverse Repo Transactions

The Repo / Reverse repo are accounted as collateralized borrowing (classified as borrowings) and lending transactions. Costs and revenues are accounted as interest expenditure / interest income, as the case may be. The underlying securities under repo continue to be accounted as investment thereby reflecting continued economic interest in the securities during the repo period. Underlying Securities against reverse repo (lending) is not included in Investment accounts.

3.3 Property, Plant and Equipment (“PPE”)

PPE held for use are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

PPE is recognised when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item is expected to flow to the Corporation and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. PPE is stated at original cost net of tax/duty credits availed, if any, less accumulated depreciation and cumulative impairment, if any. Cost includes professional fees related to the acquisition of PPE.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

3.4 Investment Property

Investment properties are properties held to earn rentals and/or capital appreciation and are measured and reported at cost, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

An investment property is derecognised upon disposal or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from the disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de-recognition of property is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the same period.

3.5 Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are recognised when it is probable that the future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the Corporation and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably. Intangible assets are stated at original cost net of tax/duty credits availed, if any, less accumulated amortisation and cumulative impairment. Administrative and other general overhead expenses that are specifically attributable to acquisition of intangible assets are allocated and capitalised as a part of the cost of the intangible assets.

Intangible assets not ready for the intended use on the date of Balance Sheet are disclosed as “Intangible assets under development".

An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains and losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the assets are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognised.

3.6 Investment Property under construction / Capital work-in-progress

Investment Property under construction / Capital work in progress includes assets not ready for the intended use and is carried at cost, comprising direct cost and related incidental expenses.

3.7 Depreciation and Amortisation

Depreciation is recognised using straight line method so as to write off the cost of the assets (other than freehold land) less their residual values over their estimated useful lives specified in Schedule II to the Act, or in case of assets where the estimated useful life was determined by technical evaluation, over the useful life so determined. Depreciation method is reviewed at each financial year end to reflect expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. The estimated useful life and residual values are also reviewed at each financial year end with the effect of any change in the estimates of useful life/residual value is recognised on prospective basis.

Depreciation for additions to/deductions from, owned assets is calculated pro rata to the period of use.

Freehold land is not depreciated. Leasehold land is amortised over the duration of the lease. The useful life of the property, plant and equipment held by the Corporation is as follows:

Inputs into the valuation model, includes assumption such as the expected life of the share option, volatility and dividend yield. The stock options granted to employees pursuant to the Corporation's Stock Options Schemes, are measured at the fair value of the options at the grant date using Black Scholes Model. The fair value of the options determined at grant date is accounted as employee compensation cost over the vesting period on a straight line basis over the period of option, based on the number of grants expected to vest, with corresponding increase in equity. On cancellation or lapse of option granted to employees, the compensation cost charged to statement of profit & loss is credited with corresponding decrease in equity.

3.9.2 Defined Contribution Plans

3.9.21 Superannuation Fund

The Corporation's contribution to superannuation fund is considered as a defined contribution plan and is charged as an expense based on the amount of contribution required to be made.

3.9.3 Defined Benefit Plans

The cost of the defined benefit gratuity plan and the present value of the gratuity obligation are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date.

3.9.31 Provident Fund

All employees of the Corporation are entitled to receive benefits under the Provident Fund. The Corporation makes a contribution to provident fund and the schemes thereunder, as recognised by the Income-tax authorities and administered by the trust. The contributions are recognised as an expense in the year in which they are incurred. The Rules of the Corporation's Provident Fund administered by a Trust require that if the Board of Trustees is unable to pay interest at the rate declared for Employees' Provident Fund by the Government under para 60 of the Employees' Provident Fund Scheme, 1952 for the reason that the return on investment is less or for any other reason, then the deficiency shall be made good by the Corporation. Actuarial valuation of this Provident Fund interest shortfall is done as per the guidance note issued in this respect by The Institute of Actuaries of India (IAI) and provision towards this liability, if any is recognised.

3.9.3 2 Gratuity and Other Post Retirement Benefits

For defined benefit plans in the form of gratuity fund and post retirement pension scheme for whole-time Directors, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date. Remeasurements are recognised in the Other Comprehensive Income in the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognised immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested and otherwise is amortised on a straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested. The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the Balance Sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognised past service cost, as reduced by the fair value of planned assets.

3.9.3 3 Short-term Employee Benefits

The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees are recognised during the year when the employees render the service. These benefits include performance incentive and compensated absences which are expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related service.

3,9,3 4 Long-term Employee Benefits

Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related service are recognised as a liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation as at the balance sheet date, based on actuarial valuation.

310 LeasesThe Corporation as Lessee

The Corporation's lease asset classes primarily consist of leases for office premises. The Corporation assesses whether a contract contains a lease, at inception of a contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Corporation assesses whether:

(i) the contract involves the use of an identified asset

(ii) the Corporation has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease and

(iii) the Corporation has the right to direct the use of the asset.

At the date of commencement of the lease, the Corporation recognizes a right-of-use asset ("ROU") and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee.

Certain lease arrangements includes the options to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the lease term. ROU assets and lease liabilities includes these options when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised.

The right-of-use assets are initially recognized at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease plus any initial direct costs less any lease incentives. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.

Right-of-use assets are depreciated from the commencement date on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset.

The lease liability is initially measured at amortized cost at the present value of the future lease payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the incremental borrowing rates in the country of domicile of these leases. Lease liabilities are remeasured with a corresponding adjustment to the related right of use asset if the Corporation changes its assessment if whether it will exercise an extension or a termination option.

Lease liability and ROU asset have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

The Corporation as Lessor

Leases for which the Corporation is a lessor is classified as a finance or operating lease. Whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee, the contract is classified as a finance lease. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

For operating leases, rental income is recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the relevant lease.

311 Dividends on Equity Shares

The Corporation recognises a liability to make cash distributions to equity shareholders of the Corporation when the dividend is authorised and the distribution is no longer at the discretion of the Corporation and a corresponding amount is recognised directly in equity. As per the corporate laws in India, an interim dividend is authorised when it is approved by the Board of Directors and final dividend is authorised when it is approved by the shareholders.

3.12 Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash comprises of cash on hand and demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents are short-term deposits with banks (with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of placement) and cheques on hand. Short term and liquid investments being subject to more than insignificant risk of change in value, are not included as part of cash and cash equivalents.

3.13 Securities Premium Account

Securities premium is credited when shares are issued at premium. It can be used to issue bonus shares, to provide for premium on redemption of shares and issue expenses of securities which qualify as equity instruments.

3.14 Finance Costs

Finance costs include interest expense calculated using the EIR on respective financial instruments / deposits and borrowings including external commercial borrowings is measured at amortised cost, finance charges in respect of assets acquired on finance lease and exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings, to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs. Also refer 3.2.11.1 for accounting of hedges.

3.15 Foreign Currencies

(i) Functional currency of the Corporation and foreign operations has been determined based on the primary economic environment in which the Corporation and its foreign operations operate considering the currency in which funds are generated, spent and retained.

(ii) Transactions in currencies other than the Corporation's functional currency are recorded on initial recognition using the exchange rate at the transaction date. At each Balance Sheet date, foreign currency monetary items are reported at the rates prevailing at the year-end. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currency are not retranslated.

Exchange differences that arise on settlement of monetary items or on reporting of monetary items at each Balance Sheet date at the closing spot rate are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they arise.

3.16 Segments

The Corporation's main business is financing by way of loans for the purchase or construction of residential houses, commercial real estate or certain other purposes, in India. All other activities of the Corporation revolve around the main business. This in the context of Ind AS 108 - Operating Segments reporting is considered to constitute one reportable segment.

3.17 Investments in Subsidiaries, Joint Ventures and Associates

Investments in Subsidiaries and Associates are measured at cost as per Ind AS 27 - Separate Financial Statements.

3.18 Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares and dilutive potential shares, except where the result would be antidilutive.

3.19 Taxes on Income

The Corporation's tax jurisdiction is in India. Significant judgements are involved in determining the provision for income taxes, including amount expected to be paid/recovered for certain tax positions.

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred taxes. Income tax expense is recognized in the statement of profit and loss except when they relate to items that are recognized outside statement of profit and loss (whether in other comprehensive income or directly in equity), in which case tax is also recognized outside statement of profit and loss.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying values of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and unutilized business loss and depreciation carry-forwards and tax credits. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses, depreciation carry-forwards and unused tax credits could be utilized.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date, and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured based on the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Corporation intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.

Significant accounting estimates and judgements are involved in determining Corporation's tax charge for the year which includes an interpretation of local tax laws, judicial pronouncements and an assessment whether the tax authorities will accept the position taken. These judgements, also, take account of external advice, wherever appropriate, and the Corporation's view on settling with the tax authorities.

The Corporation provides for current tax liabilities at the best estimate that is expected to be paid to the tax authorities where an outflow is probable.

3.20 Goods and Services Input Tax Credit

Goods and Services tax input credit is recognised for in the books in the period in which the supply of goods or service received is recognised and when there is no uncertainty in availing/utilising the credits.

3.21 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

Provisions are recognised only when:

(i) The Corporation has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event; and

(ii) It is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; and

(iii) A reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

Provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation and when the effect of time value of money is material, the carrying amount of the provision is the present value of those cash flows.

Contingent Liability is disclosed in case of:

(i) A present obligation arising from past events, when it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; or

(ii) A present obligation arising from past events, when no reliable estimate is possible.

Where the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under such contract, the present obligation under the contract is recognised and measured as a provision.

Contingent Assets:

Contingent assets are not recognised in the financial statements.

Contingent assets are disclosed where an inflow of economic benefits is probable.

Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date.

3.22 Commitments

Commitments are future liabilities for contractual expenditure, classified and disclosed as follows:

a) Estimated amount of contracts remaining to be executed on capital account and not provided for;

b) Uncalled liability on shares and other investments partly paid;

c) Funding related commitment to associate and joint venture companies; and

d) Other non-cancellable commitments, if any, to the extent they are considered material and relevant in the opinion of management.

3.23 Non-Current Assets held for Sale

Non-current assets are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount is intended to be recovered principally through a sale (rather than through continuing use) when the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sale of such asset and the sale is highly probable and is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year from the date of classification.

Non-current assets classified as held for sale are measured at lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell.

3.24 Statement of Cash Flows

Statement of Cash Flows is prepared segregating the cash flows into operating, investing and financing activities. Cash flow from operating activities is reported using indirect method adjusting the net profit for the effects of:

i. changes during the period in operating receivables and payables transactions of a non-cash nature;

ii. non-cash items such as depreciation, provisions, deferred taxes, unrealised foreign currency gains and losses; and

iii. All other items for which the cash effects are investing or financing cash flows.

Cash and cash equivalents (including bank balances) shown in the Statement of Cash Flows exclude items which are not available for general use as on the date of Balance Sheet.

4. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic had led to a nationwide lockdown in April - May 2020. This was followed by localised lockdown in areas with significant number of COVID -19 cases. Following the easing of lockdown measures, there was an improvement in economic activity in the second half of fiscal 2021. Since then, our country experienced two waves of COVID - 19 pandemic following the discovery of mutant coronavirus variants. These waves led to temporary re-imposition of localised / regional lockdown, that were subsequently lifted. The extent to which the pandemic may impact the Corporation's results, including impairment on financial instruments, will depend on future developments, which are uncertain, including amongst other things, any new information concerning the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and any action to contain its spread or mitigate its impact, whether government mandated or elected by us.

1

For the above class of assets, based on internal assessment and independent technical evaluation carried out by external valuers, the management believes that the useful lives as given above best represent the period over which management expects to use these assets. Hence, the useful lives for these assets are different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Act.

Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortised on straight line basis over the estimated useful life. The method of amortisation and useful life are reviewed at the end of each accounting year with the effect of any changes in the estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment by comparing its recoverable amount with its carrying amount annually and whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired.

3.8 Impairment of Assets other than Financial Instruments

As at the end of each accounting year, the Corporation reviews the carrying amounts of its PPE, investment property and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If such indication exists, the PPE, investment property and intangible assets are tested for impairment so as to determine the impairment loss, if any.

3.9 Employee Benefits

3.9.1 Share-based Payment Arrangements

Estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions requires use of an appropriate valuation model. The Corporation measures the cost of equity-settled transactions with Option holders using Black-Scholes Model to determine the fair value of the options on the grant date.