A. Significant accounting policies

A.1 Statement of compliance

The separate financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (“Ind AS”) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, as amended.

A.2 Basis of preparation and presentation

The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following asset and liabilities which have been measured at fair value:

- Derivative financial instruments,

- Certain financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments), Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these financial statements is determined on this basis.

The Financial statements have been prepared on going concern basis considering the Company’s ability to raise requisite finance/generate cash flows from strategic initiatives in future to meet its obligations, including finance support to its subsidiary companies.

The principal accounting policies are set out below.

A.3 Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures

Investment in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures are measured at cost as per Ind AS 27.

If there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the net investment in a subsidiary, associate or a joint venture (a ‘loss event’) and that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated future cash flows from the net investment that can be reliably estimated, then it is necessary to recognize impairment loss with respect to the Company’s investment in a subsidiary, associate or a joint venture.

When necessary, the entire carrying amount of the investment (including goodwill) is tested for impairment in accordance with Ind AS 36 Impairment of Assets as a single asset by comparing its recoverable amount (higher of value in use and fair value less costs of disposal) with its carrying amount. Any impairment loss recognized is reduced from the carrying amount of the investment and recognized in the profit or loss. Any reversal of that impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the recoverable amount of the investment subsequently increases but the increase is restricted to the amounts that would arise had no impairment loss been recognized in previous years.

Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint venture are an integral part of business of the Company in their surface transportation business.

The Company regularly evaluates the investment portfolio and as part of monetization plan decides to dispose/ sell the investments. Any gain arising out of sale of investments of subsidiary, associates, joint venture are recognized to Statement of Profit and Loss and included as part of Other Operating Income.

In case of losses, it is recognized as other expenses in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

A.4 Fair value measurement

The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

- In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

- In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

- Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

- Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

- Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by reassessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

External valuers are involved for valuation of significant assets, such as properties and significant liabilities, such as contingent consideration.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

This note summarises accounting policy for fair value. Other fair value related disclosures are given in the relevant notes.

- Disclosures for valuation methods, significant estimates and assumptions (note 1.C and 32) Quantitative disclosures of fair value measurement hierarchy (note 32)

- Investment property under development (note 3)

- Financial instruments (including those carried at amortised cost) (note 4,5,6,11,12,16,17,20,32)

A.5 Non-current assets held for sale

Non-current assets and disposal groups are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. This condition is regarded as met only when the asset (or disposal group) is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of such asset and its sale is highly probable. Management must be committed to the sale, which should be expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year from the date of classification.

Non-current asset or disposal group classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value and no depreciation is charged after such classification.

A.6 Revenue recognition

A.6.1 Revenue from Advisory, design, engineering and management services

The Company’s service offerings include advisory and management services, supervisory services (including as lenders’ engineers), operation and maintenance services, toll collection services for toll road projects and rendering assistance to applicant for toll road concessions with the bidding process.

Revenue is recognized when it is realized or realizable and earned. Revenue is considered as realized or realizable and earned when it has persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured

Advisory, Design and Engineering fees are billed as services are rendered, however they are due for payment one year from the date of billing. Disclosure with respect to such Trade Receivables has been made considering above policy.

Revenue in respect of arrangements made for rendering services is recognized over the contractual term of the arrangement. In respect of arrangements, which provide for an upfront payment followed by additional payments as certain conditions are met (milestone payments), the amount of revenue recognized is based on the services delivered in the period as stated in the contract. In respect of arrangements where fees for services rendered are success based (contingent fees), revenue is recognized only when the factor(s) on which the contingent fees is based, actually occur and the collectability is reasonably assured Revenue from development projects under fixed -price contracts, where there is no uncertainty as to measurement or collectability of consideration is recognized based on the milestones reached under the contracts.

Interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset. When calculating the effective interest rate, the group estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension) but does not consider the expected credit losses. Interest income is included in other income in the statement of profit and loss.

Dividend, other than attributable to the period prior to acquisition of investment, is recognized as income when the unconditional right to receive the payment is established.

A.6.2 Revenue from construction contracts

The Company recognizes and measures revenue, costs and margin for providing construction services during the period of construction of the infrastructure in accordance with Ind AS 11 ‘Construction Contracts’.

When the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably and it is probable that it will be profitable, contract revenue and contract costs associated with the construction contract are recognized as revenue and expenses respectively by reference to the percentage of completion of the contract activity at the reporting date. The percentage of completion of a contract is determined considering the proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed up to the reporting date bear to the estimated total contract costs.

For the purposes of recognizing revenue, contract revenue comprises the initial amount of revenue agreed in the contract, the variations in contract work, claims and incentive payments to the extent that it is probable that they will result in revenue and they are capable of being reliably measured.

The percentage of completion method is applied on a cumulative basis in each accounting period to the current estimates of contract revenue and contract costs. The effect of a change in the estimate of contract revenue or contract costs, or the effect of a change in the estimate of the outcome of a contract is accounted for as a change in accounting estimate and the effect of which are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the change is made and in subsequent periods.

When the outcome of a construction contract cannot be estimated reliably, revenue is recognized only to the extent of contract costs incurred of which recovery is probable and the related contract costs are recognized as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

When it is probable that total contract costs will exceed total contract revenue, the expected loss is recognized as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which such probability occurs.

Any excess revenue recognized in accordance with the stage of completion of the project, in comparison to the amounts billed to the clients in accordance with the milestones completed as per the respective development agreements, is carried forward as “Unearned Revenue”, as the case may be.

A.7 Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is (or contains) a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

For arrangements entered into prior to April 1, 2015 the Company has determined whether the arrangement contain lease on the basis of facts and circumstances existing on the date of transition.

Company as lessee

1. Assets held under finance leases are initially recognized as assets of the Company at their fair value at the inception of the lease or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. The corresponding liability to the lessor is included in the balance sheet as a finance lease obligation.

2. Lease payments are apportioned between finance expenses and reduction of the lease obligation so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance expenses are recognized immediately in profit or loss, unless they are directly attributable to qualifying assets, in which case they are capitalized in accordance with the Company’s general policy on borrowing costs (see note B.9). Contingent rentals are recognized as expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.

3. A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.

4. Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Company as lessor

1. Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income from operating lease is recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

2. Leases are classified as finance leases when substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership transfer from the Company to the lessee. Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recorded as receivables at the Company’s net investment in the leases. Finance lease income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment outstanding in respect of the lease.

A.8 Foreign currencies

The Company’s financial statements are presented in INR, which is also the Company’s functional currency.

In preparing the financial statements of Company, transactions in currencies other than the Company’s functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognized at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognized in OCI or profit or loss are also recognized in OCI or profit or loss, respectively).

The Company had exercised the option of amortizing / capitalizing the exchange differences arising on long-term foreign currency monetary items as given under Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) Notification No. G.S.R 914(E) dated December 29, 2011.

Exchange differences on monetary items are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise except for:

- exchange differences on foreign currency borrowings relating to assets under construction for future productive use, which are included in the cost of those assets when they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs on those foreign currency borrowings;

- Exchange differences on transactions entered into in order to hedge certain foreign currency risks (see note B.21 below for hedging accounting policies); these are recognised in OCI until the net investment is disposed of, at which time, the cumulative amount is reclassified to profit or loss.

A.9 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs are recognised in the period to which they relate, regardless of how the funds have been utilised, except where it relates to the financing of construction of development of assets requiring a substantial period of time to prepare for their intended future use. Interest is capitalised up to the date when the asset is ready for its intended use. The amount of interest capitalised for the period is determined by applying the interest rate applicable to appropriate borrowings outstanding during the period to the average amount of accumulated expenditure for the assets during the period. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds.

Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization.

All other borrowing costs are recognized in statement of profit and loss in the period in which they are incurred.

A.10 Employee benefits

A.10.1 Retirement benefit costs and termination benefits

Payments to defined contribution retirement benefit plans are recognized as an expense when employees have rendered service entitling them to the contributions. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund, superannuation fund.

For defined benefit retirement benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period. Re- measurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the changes to the asset ceiling (if applicable) and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognized in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Remeasurement recognized in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and will not be reclassified to profit or loss. Past service costs are recognised in profit or loss on the earlier of:

The date of the plan amendment or curtailment, and

The date that the Company recognises related restructuring costs

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

Defined benefit costs are categorized as follows:

- service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses on curtailments and

- net interest expense or income; and

- re-measurement

The Company presents the first two components of defined benefit costs in profit or loss in the line item ‘Employee benefits expense’. Curtailment gains and losses are accounted for as past service costs.

The present value of the defined benefit plan liability is calculated using a discount rate which is determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on government bonds.

The retirement benefit obligation recognized in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or surplus in the Company’s defined benefit plans.

Any surplus resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plans or reductions in future contributions to the plans.

A liability for a termination benefit is recognized at the earlier of when the entity can no longer withdraw the offer of the termination benefit and when the entity recognizes any related restructuring costs.

A.10.2 Short-term and other long-term employee benefits

A liability is recognized for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, annual leave and sick leave in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in in exchange for that service.

Liabilities recognized in respect of shortterm employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.

Liabilities recognized in respect of other long-term employee benefits are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows expected to be made by the Company in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date.

A.11 Taxation

A.11.1 Current tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. Taxable profit differs from ‘profit before tax’ as reported in the statement of profit and loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company’s current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax return with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

A.11.2 Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets (including unused tax credits such as MAT credit and unused tax losses such as carried forward business loss and unabsorbed depreciation) are generally recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realized, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

A.12 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment acquired by the Company are reported at acquisition cost, with deductions for accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any.

The acquisition cost includes the purchase price (excluding refundable taxes) and expenses, such as delivery and handling costs, installation, legal services and consultancy services, directly attributable to bringing the asset to the site and in working condition for its intended use.

Where the construction or development of any asset requiring a substantial period of time to set up for its intended use is funded by borrowings, the corresponding borrowing costs are capitalized up to the date when the asset is ready for its intended use.

All assets are depreciated on a Straight Line Method (SLM) of Depreciation, over the useful life of assets which are estimated by the management and are in line with Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 other than assets specified in para below

Following assets are depreciated over a useful life other than the life prescribed under Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 based on internal technical evaluation, taking into account the nature of the asset, the estimated usage of the asset, the operating conditions of the asset, past history of replacement, anticipated technological changes etc.:

The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over their expected useful lives on the same basis as owned assets. However, when there is no reasonable certainty that ownership will be obtained by the end of the lease term, assets are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying of the asset and is recognized in profit or loss.

The Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its plant and equipment and intangible assets recognized as of April 1, 2015 (transition date) measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as its deemed cost as of the transition date.

A.13 Investment property under development:

Investment property under development is measured at cost, including transaction costs and are stated at cost less accumulated impairment loss, if any.

Though the Company measures investment property using cost based measurement, the fair value of investment property is disclosed in the notes.

Fair values are determined based on an annual evaluation performed by an accredited external independent valuer applying a valuation model recommended by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors.

Investment property is derecognised either when it is being disposed of or when it is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. The difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognised in profit or loss in the period of derecognition.

A.14 Intangible assets

Intangible assets comprise of software and amounts paid for acquisition of commercial rights under an “Operation and Maintenance” agreement for a toll road project and are depreciated as follow:

Intangible assets are reported at acquisition cost with deductions for accumulated amortisation and impairment losses, if any. The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period.

Acquired intangible assets are reported separately from goodwill if they fulfil the criteria for qualifying as an asset, implying they can be separated or they are based on contractual or other legal rights and that their market value can be established in a reliable manner.

An impairment test of such intangible assets is conducted annually or more often if there is an indication of a decrease in value. The impairment loss, if any, is reported in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Intangible assets are amortised on a “straight line” basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life of software is four years. The amount paid for acquisition of the rights under the “Operations and Maintenance” agreement is amortised over the minimum balance period (as at the time of acquisition) of the concession agreement relating to the corresponding toll road project.

A.15 Impairment of Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. When a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest Company of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment annually, or whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using appropriate discount rate.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

A previously recognised impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

A.16 Inventories

Stores and spares

Inventories are stated at the cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale. Costs of stores and spares are determined on a first-in- first-out basis.

A.17 Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement.

The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. When a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows (when the effect of the time value of money is material).

A.17.1 Onerous contracts

Present obligations arising under onerous contracts are recognized and measured as provisions. An onerous contract is considered to exist where the Company has a contract under which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received from the contract.

A.18 Financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when a company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL) are recognized immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

A.18.1 Financial assets

All regular way purchases or sales of financial assets are recognized and derecognized on a trade date basis. Regular way purchases or sales are purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within the time frame established by regulation or convention in the marketplace.

All recognized financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortized cost or fair value, depending on the classification of the financial assets.

A.18.2 Classifications of financial assets - debt instruments

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortized cost (except for debt instruments that are designated as at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

- the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows;

- the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the profit or loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the profit or loss.

A.18.3 Amortized cost and Effective interest method

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Income is recognized on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified as at FVTPL. Interest income is recognized in profit or loss and is included in the “Other income” line item.

A.18.4 Financial assets at FVTPL

Investments in equity instruments (other than group) are classified as at FVTPL, unless the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in FVOCI for equity instruments which are not held for trading.

Debt instruments that do not meet the amortized cost or FVOCI criteria are measured at FVTPL. In addition, debt instruments that meet the amortized cost or FVOCI criteria but are designated as at FVTPL are measured at FVTPL.

A debt instrument that meets the amortized cost or FVTOCI criteria may be designated as at FVTPL upon initial recognition if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognizing the gains and losses on them on different bases. The Company has not designated any debt instrument as at FVTPL.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on re-measurement recognized in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognized in profit or loss is included in the “Other income” line item.

A.18.5 Impairment of financial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:

a) Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortised cost

b) Lease receivables under Ind AS 17

c) Trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 11 and Ind AS 18

d) Loan commitments which are not measured as at FVTPL

e) Financial guarantee contracts which are not measured as at FVTPL

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the group in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e., all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR.

The Company has followed simplified approach for recognition of ECL. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition. Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument.

The Company measures the loss allowance on the basis of estimated realization date for receivables and loans by considering the cash flow model of the respective project SPV’s which in the view of the management is the most realistic and appropriate way for estimating the realization date of the receivables with respect to the project SPV’s. In respect of other than project SPV’s, the management has carried out its internal assessment procedures and accordingly the realization date has been estimated. When estimating the cash flows, the Company is required to consider all contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension, call and similar options) over the expected life of the financial instrument.

ECL allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income/ expense in the statement of profit and loss. This amount is reflected under the head other income/other expenses in the statement of profit and loss.

A.18.6 Reclassification of financial assets

The Company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial liabilities. For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change in the business model for managing those assets. Changes to the business model are expected to be infrequent. The Company’s senior management determines change in the business model as a result of external or internal changes which are significant to the Company’s operations. Such changes are evident to external parties. A change in the business model occurs when the Company either begins or ceases to perform an activity that is significant to its operations.

If the Company reclassifies financial assets, it applies the reclassification prospectively from the reclassification date which is the first day of the immediately next reporting period following the change in business model. The Company does not restate any previously recognised gains, losses (including impairment gains or losses) or interest.

A.18.7 Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

A.18.8 De-recognition of financial assets

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party. If the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Company recognizes its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay.

If the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Company continues to recognize the financial asset and also recognizes collateralized borrowing for the proceeds received.

On de-recognition of a financial asset in its entirety the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable and the cumulative gain or loss that had been recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity is recognized in profit or loss if such gain or loss would have otherwise been recognized in profit or loss on disposal of that financial asset.

On de-recognition of a financial asset other than in its entirety (e.g., when the Company retains an option to repurchase part of a transferred asset), the Company allocates the previous carrying amount of the financial asset between the part it continues to recognize under continuing involvement, and the part it no longer recognizes on the basis of the relative fair values of those parts on the date of the transfer. The difference between the carrying amount allocated to the part that is no longer recognized and the sum of the consideration received for the part no longer recognized and any cumulative gain or loss allocated to it that had been recognized in other comprehensive income is recognized in profit or loss if such gain or loss would have otherwise been recognized in profit or loss on disposal of that financial asset. A cumulative gain or loss that had been recognized in other comprehensive income is allocated between the part that continues to be recognized and the part that is no longer recognized on the basis of the relative fair values of those parts.

A.18.9 Foreign Exchange Gain and Losses

The fair value of financial assets denominated in a foreign currency is determined in that foreign currency and translated at the spot rate at the end of each reporting period.

- For foreign currency denominated financial assets measured at amortised cost and FVTPL, the exchange differences are recognised in profit or loss except for those which are designated as hedging instruments in a hedging relationship.

- Changes in the carrying amount of investments in equity instruments at FVOCI relating to changes in foreign currency rates are recognised in other comprehensive income.

A.18.10 Modification of Cash Flows of financial assets and revision in estimates of Cash flows

When the contractual cash flows of a financial asset are renegotiated or otherwise modified and the renegotiation or modification does not result in the de-recognition of that financial asset in accordance within AS 109, the Company recalculates the gross carrying amount of the financial asset and recognizes a modification gain or loss in profit or loss. The gross carrying amount of the financial asset is recalculated as the present value of the renegotiated or modified contractual cash flows that are discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. Any costs or fees incurred are adjusted to the carrying amount of the modified financial asset and are amortized over the remaining term of the modified financial asset.

If the Company revises its estimates of payments or receipts (excluding modifications and changes in estimates of expected credit losses), it adjusts the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or amortized cost of a financial liability to reflect actual and revised estimated contractual cash flows. The Company recalculates the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or amortized cost of the financial liability as the present value of the estimated future contractual cash flows that are discounted at the financial instrument’s original effective interest rate. The adjustment is recognized in profit or loss as income or expense.

A.19 Financial liabilities and equity instruments-

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate

The Company’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.

A.19.1 Classifications as debt or equity

Debt and equity instruments issued by a Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

A.19.2 Compound instruments

The components of compound instruments are classified separately as financial liabilities and equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument. A conversion option that will be settled by issue of fixed number of the Company’s own equity instruments in exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset is an equity instrument.

At the date of issue, the fair value of the liability component is estimated using the prevailing market interest rate for similar non-convertible instruments. This amount is recognized as a liability on an amortized cost basis using the effective interest method until extinguished upon conversion or at the instrument’s maturity date.

The conversion option classified as equity is determined by deducting the amount of the liability component from the fair value of the compound instrument as a whole. This is recognized and included in equity, net of income tax effects, and is not subsequently remeasured. In addition, the conversion option classified as equity will remain in equity until the conversion option is exercised, in which case, the balance recognized in equity will be transferred to other component of equity. When the conversion option remains unexercised at the maturity date of the convertible note, the balance recognized in equity will be transferred to retained earnings. No gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss upon conversion or expiration of the conversion option.

Transaction costs that relate to the issue of the convertible notes are allocated to the liability and equity components in proportion to the allocation of the gross proceeds. Transaction costs relating to the equity component are recognized directly in equity. Transaction costs relating to the liability component are included in the carrying amount of the liability component and are amortized over the lives of the convertible notes using the effective interest method.

A.19.3 Financial liabilities

All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL. However, financial liabilities that arise when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition or when the continuing involvement approach applies, financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company and commitments issued by the Company to provide a loan at below-market interest rate are measured in accordance with the specific accounting policies set out below.

A.19.3.1 Financial liabilities subsequently measured at amortized cost Financial liabilities that are not held-for-trading and are not designated as at FVTPL are measured at amortized cost at the end of subsequent accounting periods. The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortized cost are determined based on the effective interest method. Interest expense that is not capitalized as part of costs of an asset is included in the ‘Finance costs’ line item.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or (where appropriate) a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

A.19.3.2 Financial guarantee contracts

A financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payments when due in accordance with the terms

Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company are initially measured at their fair values and, if not designated as at FVTPL, are subsequently measured at the higher of:

- the amount of loss allowance determined in accordance with impairment requirements of Ind AS 109;and

- the amount initially recognized less, when appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognized in accordance with the principles of Ind AS18.

A.19.3.3 Foreign exchange gains and losses

For financial liabilities that are denominated in a foreign currency and are measured at amortized cost at the end of each reporting period, the foreign exchange gains and losses are determined based on the amortized cost of the instruments and are recognized in ‘Other income / Other expenses’ in the line-item ‘Net foreign exchange gains/(losses).

A.19.3.4 Derecognition of financial liabilities

The Company derecognizes financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.

An exchange between with a lender of debt instruments with substantially different terms is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. Similarly, a substantial modification of the terms of an existing financial liability (whether or not attributable to the financial difficulty of the debtor) is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognized and the consideration paid and payable is recognized in profit or loss.

A.19.3.5 Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate

Commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate are initially measured at their fair values and, if not designated as at FVTPL, are subsequently measured at the higher of:

- the amount of loss allowance determined in accordance with impairment requirements of Ind AS 109; and

- the amount initially recognised less, when appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognised in accordance with the principles of Ind AS 18.

A.20 Derivative financial instruments

The Company enters into a variety of derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange rate risks, including foreign exchange forward contracts, interest rate swaps and cross currency swaps. Further details of derivative financial instruments are disclosed in Note 32.

Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value at the date the derivative contracts are entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period. The resulting gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss immediately unless the derivative is designated and effective as a hedging instrument, in which event the timing of the recognition in profit or loss depends on the nature of the hedging relationship and the nature of the hedged item.

A.20.1 Embedded derivatives

Derivatives embedded in non-derivative host contracts that are not financial assets within the scope of Ind AS 109 are treated as separate derivatives when their risks and characteristics are not closely related to those of the host contracts and the host contracts are not measured at FVTPL.

A.21 Hedge accounting

The Company designates certain hedging instruments, which include derivatives, embedded derivatives and non- derivatives in respect of foreign currency risk, as either fair value hedges, cash flow hedges, or hedges of net investments in foreign operations. Hedges of foreign exchange risk on firm commitments are accounted for as cash flow hedges.

At the inception of the hedge relationship, the entity documents the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged item, along with its risk management objectives and its strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. Furthermore, at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, the Company documents whether the hedging instrument is highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk.

Note 32 sets out details of the fair values of the derivative instruments used for hedging purposes.

A.21.1 Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of the designated portion of derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges is recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated under the heading of cash flow hedging reserve. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognized immediately in profit or loss, and is included in the ‘Other gains and losses’ line item.

Amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity relating to effective portion as described above are reclassified to profit or loss in the periods when the hedged item affects profit or loss, in the same line as the recognized hedged item. However, when the hedged forecast transaction results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or a non-financial liability, such gains and losses are transferred from equity and included in the initial measurement of the cost of the non-financial asset or non-financial liability.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or when it no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. Any gain or loss recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity at that time remains in equity and is recognized when the forecast transaction is ultimately recognized in profit or loss. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the gain or loss accumulated in equity is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

A.22 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company’s cash management.