2. Material Accounting Policies
A summary of the material accounting policies adopted in the preparation of the financial statements are as given below. These accounting policies have been applied consistently to all periods presented in the financial statements.
2.1 Statement of Compliance
The financial statements have been prepared on going concern basis following accrual system of accounting in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (‘Ind AS') notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules 2015 and subsequent amendments thereto, read with Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 and other Accounting principles generally accepted in India. These Standalone Financial Statements have been approved by Board of Directors (BOD) of the company on 20.05.24.
2.2 Basis for preparation of financial statements
The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts are stated in Millions of Rupees.
Historical cost is the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquire assets at the time of their acquisition or the amount of proceeds received in exchange for the obligation, or at the amounts of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course of business.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purpose in these financial statements is determined on such basis except for, leasing transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 17, and measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are not fair value.
In addition, for financial reporting purposes fair value measurements are categorized into Level 1, 2 or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs for the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurements in its entirety, which are described as follows:
• Level 1 - Inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date;
• Level 2 - Inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and
• Level 3 - inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
2.3 Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that may impact the application of accounting policies and the reported value of assets, liabilities, income, expenses and related disclosures concerning the items involved as well as contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date. The estimates and management's judgments are based on previous experience & other factors considered reasonable and prudent in the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.
In order to enhance understanding of the financial statements, information about material areas of estimation, uncertainty and critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most material effect on the amounts recognized in the financial statements is as under:
a) Formulation of accounting policies
The accounting policies are formulated in a manner that results in financial statements containing relevant and reliable information about the transactions, other events and conditions to which they apply. Those policies need not be applied when the effect of applying them is immaterial.
b) Post-employment benefit plans
Employee benefit obligations are measured on the basis of actuarial assumptions which include mortality and withdrawal rates as well as assumptions concerning future developments in discount rates, the rate of salary increases and the inflation rate. The Company considers that the assumptions used to measure its obligations are appropriate and documented. However, any changes in these assumptions may have a material impact on the resulting calculations.
c) Provisions and contingencies
The assessments undertaken in recognizing provisions and contingencies have been made in accordance with Ind AS 37 ‘Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets'. The evaluation of the likelihood of the contingent events has required best judgment by management regarding the probability of exposure to potential loss. Should circumstances change following unforeseeable developments, this likelihood could alter.
d) Income taxes
Material estimates are involved in determining the provision for income taxes, including amount expected to be paid/ recovered for uncertain tax positions.
2.4 Revenue
Company's revenues arise from lease income, dividend income, interest on lease advance, loans, deposits and investments. Revenue from other income comprise miscellaneous income etc.
Rental income from operating lease is recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Finance lease income in respect of finance leases is allocated to the accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodicrate of return on the net investment outstanding in respect of the lease.(Also see accounting policy on leases at 2.14).
Interest income from financial assets is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset's net carrying amount on initial recognition.
Pre-commencement lease-interest income is determined based on the MOU entered with Ministry of Railways and when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount can be determined reliably.
Dividend income is recognized in profit or loss only when the right to receive the payment is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Company, and the amount of the dividend can be measured reliably.
2.5 Foreign Currency Transaction
Functional and presentation currency
Items included in the financial statements of entity are measured using currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (‘the functional currency'). The financial statements are presented in Indian rupee (INR), which is entity's functional and presentation currency.
Transactions and Balances
Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at their respective functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition.
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange at the reporting date.
Differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognised in profit or loss.
Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Nonmonetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item.
2.6 Employee Benefits
Defined contribution plan
A Defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which the company pays fixed contributions in respect of the employees into an independent fund administrated by the government/ pension fund manager and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts after its payment of the fixed contribution. Obligations for contributions to defined contribution plans are recognized as an employee benefit expense in statement of profit and loss in the period during which services are rendered by employees.
The company has a defined contribution plan which includes pension scheme and provident fund scheme. Company's contribution towards provident fund and pension scheme for the year are recognised as an expense and charged to the statement of profit and loss.
Defined benefit plan
A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The company's liability towards gratuity and post-retirement benefits such as medical benefits are in the nature of defined benefits plans.
The company's net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of reporting period. Actuarial gain/loss on re-measurement of gratuity and other post-employment defined plans are recognised in other comprehensive income (OCI). Past service cost is recognised in the statement of Profit and Loss account in the period of a plan amendment.
Other long-term employee benefits
The company's obligation towards leave encashment and employee family benefit scheme are in the nature of other long term employee benefits. Liability in respect of compensated absences becoming due or expected to be availed more than one year after the balance sheet date and employee family benefit scheme are estimated on the basis of an actuarial valuation performed by an independent actuary using the projected unit credit method.
Actuarial gains and losses arising from past experience and changes in actuarial assumptions are charged to statement of profit and loss in the period in which such gains or losses are determined.
Short-term employee benefits
Short term employee benefits such as salaries and wages are recognised on undiscounted basis in the statement of Profit and Loss account, on the basis of the amount paid or payable for the period during which services are rendered by the employee.
2.7 Taxation
Tax expense comprises Current Tax and Deferred Tax. Current Tax
The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from 'profit before tax' as reported in the Statement of Profit and Loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible.
The Company's current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
Current tax is recognised in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.
The Company is exercising the irrevocable option as permitted by section 115BAA of the Income - tax Act, 1961 whereby by foregoing certain exemptions, deductions and allowances, the tax rate applicable to the Company is lower than the normal tax rate that would have been otherwise applicable to the Company. Henceforth, minimum alternate tax provisions of section 115JB of the Income - tax Act, 1961 are not applicable to the Company.
Deferred Tax
Deferred tax is recognized using the balance sheet method, providing for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority.
A deferred tax asset is recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.
The Company does not recognize deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability because as per Gazette Notification no. S.O. 529(E) dated 5th February 2018 as amended by notification no. S.O. 1465 dated 2 April 2018 issued by Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India, read with their communication no. Eoffice F.No.17/32/2017 - CL - V dated 20th March 2020, the provisions of Indian Accounting Standards 12 relating to Deferred Tax Assets (DTA) or Deferred Tax Liability (DTL) does not apply to the Company.
2.8 Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE)
An item of property, plant and equipment is recognized as an asset if and only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably.
Items of property, plant and equipment are initially recognized at cost. Subsequent measurement is done at cost less accumulated depreciation/amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.
When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are recognized separately.
Subsequent expenditure is recognized as an increase in the carrying amount of the asset when it is probable that future economic benefits deriving from the cost incurred will flow to the enterprise and the cost of the item can be measured reliably.
De-recognition
Property, plant and equipment is derecognized when no future economic benefits are expected from their use or upon their disposal. Gains and losses on de-recognition of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal, if any, with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, and are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
Depreciation
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment has been provided on the straight-line method as per the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.
2.9 Intangible assets
An intangible asset is recognized if and only if it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the Company and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably.
Intangible assets that are acquired by the Company, which have finite useful lives, are recognized at cost. Subsequent measurement is done at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes any directly attributable incidental expenses necessary to make the assets ready for its intended use.
Subsequent expenditure is recognized as an increase in the carrying amount of the asset when it is probable that future economic benefits deriving from the cost incurred will flow to the enterprise and the cost of the item can be measured reliably.
De-recognition
An intangible asset is derecognized when no future economic benefits are expected from their use or upon their disposal. Gains & losses on de-recognition of an item of intangible assets are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal, if any, with the carrying amount of intangible assets and are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
Amortization
Software is amortized over 5 years on straight-line method.
2.10 Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs consist of interest expense calculated using the effective interest method as described in Ind AS 109 ‘Financial Instruments' and exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.
Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction/development or erection of qualifying assets are capitalized as part of cost of such asset until such time the assets are substantially ready for their intended use. Qualifying assets are assets which necessarily take substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale.
When the Company borrows funds specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the borrowing costs incurred are capitalized. When Company borrows funds generally and uses them for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the capitalization of the borrowing costs is computed based on the weighted average cost of all borrowing that are outstanding during the period and used for the acquisition, construction/exploration or erection of the qualifying asset.
Income earned on temporary investment of the borrowings pending their expenditure on the qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization.
Capitalization of borrowing costs ceases when substantially all the activities necessary to prepare the qualifying assets for their intended uses are complete.
All other borrowing costs are recognized as an expense in the year in which they are incurred.
2.11 Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks, cash on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
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