2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
i) Basis of Preparation and Presentation
The separate financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period
For financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorised into Level 1, 2, or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows:
• Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date;
• Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and
• Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company's normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013. Based on the nature of products/activities of the Company and the normal time between acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of classification of its assets and liabilities as current and non current .
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires the Management to make estimates and assumptions considered in the reported amounts of assets and liabilities (including contingent liabilities) and the reported income and expenses during the year. The Management believes that the estimates used in preparation of the financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Future results could differ due to these estimates and the differences between the actual results and the estimates are recognised in the periods in which the results are known / materialise.
ii) Functional and Presentation Currency
The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees, which is the functional currency of the Company and the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates.
iii) Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment are to be stated at cost of acquisition, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The cost will comprises purchase price (excluding refundable taxes), borrowing costs if capitalization criteria are met and directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for the intended use. Any trade discounts and rebates are to be deducted in arriving at the purchase price. Freehold land not to be depreciated.
Subsequent expenditures related to an item of property, plant and equipment are to be added to its carrying value only when it is probable that the future economic benefits from the asset will flow to the Company & cost can be reliably measured.
Losses arising from the retirement of, and gains or losses arising from disposal of property, plant and equipment are to be recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment to be provided on straight line method as per the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act 2013.
The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are to be reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.
iv) Capital work-in-progress
Projects under which tangible fixed assets are not yet ready for their use are to be carried at cost, comprising direct cost, related incidental expenses and attributable interest.
v) Investment property
Investment properties are properties to be held to earn rentals and/or for capital appreciation (including property under construction for such purposes). Investment properties are to be measured in accordance with Ind AS 16's requirements for cost model.
An investment property is to be derecognised upon disposal or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from the disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the property (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is to be included in profit or loss in the period in which the property is derecognised.
v) Intangible Assets
Intangible assets, being computer software, are to be stated at acquisition cost, net of accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The cost will comprise acquisition and implementation cost of software for internal use (including software coding, installation, testing and certain data conversion).
Amortisation is to be recognised on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are to be reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis
Gains or losses arising from the retirement or disposal of an intangible asset are to be determined as the difference between the disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are to be recognised as income or expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
vi) Intangible assets under development
Expenditure on development eligible for capitalisation is to be carried as intangible assets under development where such assets are not yet ready for their intended use.
vii) Impairment of Assets
The Company has to assess at end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company has to estimate the recoverable amount of the asset. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. If such recoverable amount of the asset or the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is to be reduced to its recoverable amount. The reduction is to be treated as an impairment loss and is recognised in the statement of profit and loss. If at the balance sheet date there is an indication that if a previously assessed impairment loss no longer exists, the recoverable amount is to be reassessed and the asset is reflected at the lower of recoverable amount and the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised.
viii) Financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when a Company entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in profit or loss.
ix) Financial assets
All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortised cost or fair value, depending on the classification of the financial assets Classification:
Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortised cost:
- the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and
- the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
All other financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value.
Effective interest method
The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost ofa debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.
Income is recognised on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified as at FVTPL. Interest income is recognised in profit or loss and is included in the "Other income" line item.
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset. Dividend on financial assets at FVTPL is recognised when the Company's right to receive the dividends is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the entity, the dividend does not represent a recovery of part of cost of the investment and the amount of dividend can be measured reliably.
Impairment of financial assets
The Company applies the expected credit loss model for recognising impairment loss on financial assets measured at amortised cost, loan commitments, trade receivables, financial guarantees not designated as at FVTPL and other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset.
For trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 18, the Company always measures the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses.
Further, for the purpose of measuring lifetime expected credit loss ("ECL") allowance for trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient as permitted under Ind AS 109. This expected credit loss allowance is computed based on a provision matrix which takes into account historical credit loss experience and adjusted for forward-looking information.
For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12-month ECL.
Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.
Derecognition of financial assets
The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party.
Foreign exchange gains and losses
The fair value of financial assets denominated in a foreign currency is determined in that foreign currency and translated at the spot rate at the end of each reporting period. For foreign currency denominated financial assets measured at amortised cost and FVTPL, the exchange differences are recognised in profit or loss.
Financial liabilities and equity instruments Classification as debt or equity
Debt and equity instruments issued by a Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance ofthe contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.
Equity instruments
An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by a group entity are recognised at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.
Financial liabilities
All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL.
Foreign exchange gains and losses
For financial liabilities that are denominated in a foreign currency and are measured at amortised cost at the end of each reporting period, the foreign exchange gains and losses are determined based on the amortised cost of the instruments.
Derecognition of financial liabilities
The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company's obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired. An exchange between with a lender of debt instruments with substantially different terms is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. A substantial modification of the terms of an existing financial liability (whether or not attributable to the financial difficulty of the debtor) is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognised and the consideration paid and payable is recognised in profit or loss.
Impairment of financial assets
The Company has applied the impairment requirements of Ind AS 109 retrospectively; however, as permitted by Ind AS 101, it has used reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort to determine the credit risk at the date that financial instruments were initially recognised in order to compare it with the credit risk at the transition date. Further, the Company has not undertaken an exhaustive search for information when determining, at the date of transition to Ind ASs, whether there have been significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition, as permitted by Ind AS 101.
x) Earnings per share
Basic Earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit / (loss) after tax for the year attributable to equity shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.
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