1. Corporate information
Kati Patang Lifestyle Limited (‘the Company’) is a public company domiciled in India and incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956. Its equity shares are listed on the BSE Limited in India. The registered office of the Company is located at Flat No.S-101, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi - 110017.
The vision of the company is to empower business and learning communities with rich ‘‘knowledge on demand”. The Company is primarily engaged in the business of Pioneering Broadband, Virtual Event £t Providing Mobile Roaming Services 6t Solutions.
These standalone financial statements are approved for issue by the Board of Directors on May 30, 2025.
2. Basis of preparation
The standalone financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) (Amendment) Rules, 2016 as amended and the relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013.
The standalone financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis using historical cost convention and on an accrual method of accounting, except for certain financial assets and financial liabilities which are measured at fair value/ amortized cost (Refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments).
The standalone financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees Lakhs and all values have been rounded to the nearest rupees, unless stated otherwise.
3. Significant accounting policies
The Company has applied the following accounting policies to all periods presented in the standalone financial statements.
a) Functional and presentation currency
The standalone financial statements are prepared in Indian Rupees, which is the Company’s presentation currency and the functional currency for all its operations.
b) Current and non-current classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification. An asset is classified as current when it is:
• expected to be realised or intended to sold or consumed in the normal operating cycle;
• held primarily for the purpose of trading;
• expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period; or
• cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is classified as current when:
• it is expected to be settled in the normal operating cycle;
• it is held primarily for the purpose of trading;
• it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or
• there is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.
All other liabilities are classified as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current only.
Operating cycle of the Company is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents. As the Company’s normal operating cycle is not clearly identifiable, it is assumed to be twelve months.
c) Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured, regardless of when the payment is being made. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, taking into account contractually defined terms of payment and excluding taxes or duties collected on behalf of the government. The Company has concluded that it is the principal in all of its revenue arrangements since it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks.
Sale of goods
Revenue from sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods have passed to the buyer which usually is on actual despatch of goods to the buyer. Amounts disclosed are inclusive of excise duty and net of returns and allowances, trade discounts, volume rebates, value added taxes and goods and service tax and amounts collected on behalf of third parties.
Rendering of services
Revenue from services is recognised by reference to the stage of completion of work.
d) Other Income
i. Interest Income
Interest income is accrued on time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable. Interest income is included in finance income in the statement of profit and loss.
ii. Dividends
Dividend income is recognised in the statement of profit and loss only when the right to receive payment is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Company, and the amount of the dividend can be measured reliably.
iii. Rental Income
Rental income arising from operating leases on investment properties is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms and is included in other income in the statement of profit and loss.
e) Property, plant and equipment
All property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost, net of accumulated depreciation (other than freehold land) and accumulated impairment losses, if any.
The initial cost of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, and any directly attributable costs of bringing an asset to working condition and location for its intended use. It also includes the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located. Items such as spares are capitalized when they meet the definition of property, plant and equipment.
If significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment. Likewise, expenditure towards major inspections and overhauls are identified as a separate component and depreciated over the expected period till the next overhaul expenditure.
Subsequent expenditure related to an item of property, plant and equipment is added to its book value only if it increases the future economic benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance/life. All other expenses on existing property, plant and equipment, including day-today repair and maintenance expenditure and cost of replacing parts, are charged to the statement of profit and loss for the period during which such expenses are incurred.
An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset's carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method (SLM) to allocate their cost, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives, as per the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.
The assets’ residual values and useful lives are reviewed and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.
Freehold land is not depreciated.
Leasehold buildings are amortised over the duration of the shorter of the useful life or lease term. ,
An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement or derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
Capital work-in-progress represents cost of property, plant and equipment that are not yet ready for their intended use and are carried at cost determined as aforesaid.
f) Intangible assets
Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Internally generated intangible assets are not capitalised and the expenditure is recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred.
The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either finite or indefinite.
Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortised over their useful economic lives and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortisation period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates to be adjusted prospectively. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
The Company does not have any intangible assets with indefinite useful lives.
Softwares are amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of 4 years.
Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognised.
g) Investment properties
Property that is held for long-term rental yields or for capital appreciation or both, and that is not occupied by the Company, is classified as investment property. Investment property is measured initially at its cost, including related transaction costs and wherever applicable borrowing costs. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised to the asset’s carrying amount only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repair and maintenance costs are expensed when incurred. When part of an investment property is replaced, the carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognised.
Depreciation on investment properties is calculated using the straight-line method (SLM) to allocate their cost, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives, as per the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.
Investment properties are derecognised either when they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from
their disposal. The difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period of derecognition.
For transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its investment properties recognised as of 1 April, 2016 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as its deemed cost as of the transition date.
h) Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value.
Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and conditions are accounted for as follows:
• Raw materials, components, stores and spares, packing materials and others: cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis.
• Work in progress: cost includes cost of direct materials and labour and estimated overheads up to the stage of completion. Cost is determined on first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis.
• Finished goods: cost includes cost of direct materials, labour, cost of manufacturing, cost of conversion and other costs incurred in finishing the goods. Cost is determined on first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis.
• Traded goods: cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis.
• Scrap is valued at estimated net realizable value.
Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale
i) Segment Reporting
Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker.
j) Borrowing Costs
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that the Company incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing costs also include exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.
All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur and are recognised in the statement of profit and loss using the effective interest method.
k) Leases
The determination of whether an arrangement is (or contains) a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains,
a lease if fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.
For arrangements entered into prior to 1 April 2016, the Company has determined whether the arrangements contain lease on the basis of facts and circumstances existing on the date of transition.
Company as a lessee
A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease. A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the Company is classified as a finance lease.
Finance leases are capitalised at the commencement of the lease at the inception date fair value of the leased property or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognised in finance costs in the statement of profit and loss, unless they are directly attributable to qualifying assets, in which case they are capitalized in accordance with the Company’s general policy on the borrowing costs.
A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.
Leases in which a significant portion of the risk and rewards of ownership are not transferred to the Company are classified as operating lease. Operating lease payments are recognised as an expense in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless the payments are structured to increase in line with the expected general inflation to compensate for the lessor’s expected inflationary cost increases.
Company as a lessor
Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income from operating lease is recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease unless the receipts are structured to increase in line with the expected general inflation to compensate for the expected inflationary cost increases. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income.
Leases are classified as finance leases when substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership transfer from the Company to the lessee. Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recorded as receivables at the Company’s net investment in the leases. Finance lease income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment outstanding in respect of the lease.
I) Income taxes
Current income tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Current income tax relating to items recognized outside of profit or loss is recognized outside of profit or loss [either in other comprehensive income (OCI) or in equity]. Current tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:
• when the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss;
• in respect of taxable temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax bases of investments in subsidiaries, branches, associates and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled by the Company and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:
• when the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss;
• In respect of deductible temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax bases of investments in subsidiaries, branches, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted as at the reporting date.
Current tax and deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss are recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity).
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Company intends to settle its current tax assets and tax liabilities on a net basis,
m) Employee benefits
Short-term obligations
Liabilities for wages and salaries, including non-monetary benefits that are expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service are recognised in respect of employees' services up to the end of the reporting period and are measured at the amounts expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled. The liabilities are presented as current employee benefit obligations in the balance sheet.
Other long-term employee benefit obligations
The liabilities for earned leave and sick leave are not expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. They are therefore measured as the present value of expected future payments to be made in respect of services provided by employees up to the end of the reporting period using the projected an it credit method. The benefits are discounted using the market yields at the end of the reporting period that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation. Remeasurements as a result of experienced judgments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in profit or loss.
The obligations are presented as current liabilities in the balance sheet if the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement for at least twelve months after the reporting period, regardless of when the actual settlement is expected to occur.
Post-employment obligations
The Company operates the following post-employment schemes:
a. Defined benefit plans in the nature of gratuity, and
b. Defined contribution plans such as provident fund.
Gratuity obligations
The liability or asset recognised in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit gratuity plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting
period less the fair value of plan assets. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by actuaries using the projected unit credit method.
The present value of the defined benefit obligation denominated in Indian Rupees is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on government bonds that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation.
The net interest cost is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net balance of the defined benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets. This cost is included in employee benefit expense in the statement of profit and loss.
Remeasurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in the period in which they occur, directly in other comprehensive income. They are included in retained earnings in the statement of changes in equity and in the balance sheet.
Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognised immediately in profit or loss as past service cost.
Defined contribution plans
The company pays provident fund contributions to publicly administered provident funds as per local regulations. The company has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are accounted for as defined contribution plans and the contributions are recognised as employee benefit expense when they are due.
n) Impairment of non-financial assets
Goodwill and intangible assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortisation and are tested annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. Other assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an assets fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets (cash-generating units). Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period.
o) Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the statement of profit and loss, net of any reimbursement.
This category is most relevant to the Company. After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included in finance income in the statement of profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
ii. Debt instruments at FVTOCI
A ‘debt instrument’ is classified as at the FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:
a. The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets, and
b. The asset’s contractual cash flows represent SPPI.
Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in the other comprehensive income (OCI). However, the Company recognizes interest income, impairment losses and reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the statement of profit and loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from the equity to statement of profit and loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income using the EIR method.
iii. Debt instruments at FVTPL
FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.
Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
iv. Equity investments
All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading and contingent consideration recognised by an acquirer in a business combination to which Ind AS103 applies are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.
If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to statement of profit and loss, even on sale of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.
Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of discount is recognized in the statement of profit and loss as a finance cost.
Provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources would be required to settle the obligation, the provision is reversed.
A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control of the Company or a present obligation that is not recognised because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognised because it cannot be measured reliably. The Company does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.
Contingent assets are not recognised but disclosed in the financial statements when an inflow of economic benefits is probable.
p) Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Financial assets
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognised initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.
Subsequent measurement
For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified into four categories:
• Debt instruments at amortised cost
• Debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
• Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
• Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI) i. Debt instruments at amortised cost
A ‘debt instrument’ is measured at the amortised cost, if both the following conditions are met:
a. The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and
b. Contractual terms of the asset that give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
Equity investment in subsidiaries and joint ventures are carried at historical cost as per the accounting policy choice given by Ind AS 27.
Derecognition
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised (i.e. removed from the Company’s balance sheet) when:
• The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
• The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through’ arrangement and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
Impairment of financial assets
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets:
• Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortised cost e.g., loans, debt securities and deposits;
• Trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 18.
The Company follows ‘simplified approach’ for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.
For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, twelve-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in the subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on a twelve-month ECL.
Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.
Financial liabilities
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs. The Company’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables and borrowings, etc.
Subsequent measurement
The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:
i. Financial liabilities at FVTPL
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term.
ii. Loans and borrowings
This is the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.
Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisationis included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.
Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires.
Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
q) Financial guarantee contracts
A financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payments when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument.
Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company are measured at their fair values and recognised as income in the statement of profit and loss.
Where guarantees in relation to loans or other payables of group companies are provided for no compensation, the fair value are accounted for as contributions and recognised as part of cost of investment.
r) Accounting for foreign currency transactions
Items included in the financial statements of the Company are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates (‘the functional currency’). The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (INR), which is the Company’s presentation currency and functional currency.
Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates that approximates the rate as at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in other currencies are translated into the functional currency at exchange rates prevailing on the reporting date. Nonmonetary assets and liabilities denominated in other currencies and measured at historical cost or fair value are translated at the exchange rates prevailing on the dates on which such values were determined.
All exchange differences are included in statement of profit and loss.
s) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company’s cash management.
t) Dividends
The Company recognises a liability to make cash distributions to equity holders of the Company when the distribution is authorised and the distribution is no longer at the discretion of the Company. As per the corporate laws in India, a distribution is authorised when it is approved by the shareholders. A corresponding amount is recognised directly in equity.
u) Earnings per share Basic earnings per share
Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the profit attributable to the shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the financial year.
Diluted earnings per share
Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to the shareholders of the Company (after adjusting the corresponding income/ charge for dilutive potential equity shares, if any) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the financial year plus the weighted average number of additional equity shares that would have been issued on conversion of all the dilutive potential equity shares.
4. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of the Company’s financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, accompanying disclosures and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities affected in future periods.
Estimates and assumptions
The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the reporting date, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are described
below. The Company based its assumptions and estimates on parameters available when the financial statements were prepared. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market changes or circumstances arising that are beyond the control of the Company. Such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur.
Income taxes
The Company is subject to income tax laws as applicable in India. Significant judgment is required in determining provision for income taxes. There are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain during the ordinary course of business. The Company recognizes liabilities for anticipated tax issues based on estimates of whether additional taxes will be due. Where the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will impact the income tax and deferred tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.
In assessing the reliability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is probable, that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realised. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable incomes over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes that it is probable that the Company will be able to realize the benefits of those deductible differences in future.
Useful lives of property, plant and equipment (‘PPE’) and intangible assets
Management reviews the estimated useful lives and residual value of PPE and Intangibles at the end of each reporting period. Factors such as changes in the expected level of usage, technological developments and product life-cycle, could significantly impact the economic useful lives and the residual values of these assets. Consequently, the future depreciation charge could be revised and may have an impact on the profit of the future years.
Employee benefit obligations
The cost of the defined benefit obligations are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date.
The parameter most subject to change is the discount rate. In determining the appropriate discount rate for plans operated in India, the management considers the interest rates of government bonds in currencies consistent with the currencies of the post-employment benefit obligation.
The mortality rate is based on publicly available mortality tables for the specific countries. Those mortality tables tend to change only at interval in response to demographic changes.
Future salary increases and gratuity increases are based on expected future inflation rates. Further details about gratuity obligations are given in Note No. 36.
Contingencies
Management judgment of contingencies is based on the internal assessments and opinion
from the consultants for the possible outflow of resources, if any.
5. Recent accounting pronouncements
Ministry of Corporate Affairs (“MCA”) notifies new standard or amendments to the existing standards have been incorporated in the financial statements, wherever applicable.
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