Note 1.3 - Significant Accounting Policies
I. Basis of preparation and presentation
The financial statements have been prepared on accrual basis under the historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these financial statements is determined on such a basis, except for leasing transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 17, and measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are not fair value, such as net realizable value in Ind AS 2 or value in use in Ind AS 36.
In addition, for financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorised into Level 1, 2, or 3
based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the
significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows:
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the
measurement date;
Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, that are observable for the
asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
ii. Revenue recognition
Sale of goods : - Revenue is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customer, which generally coincides when the products are dispatched / shipped, recovery of the consideration is probable, the associated costs can be estimated reliably, there is no
continuing management involvement with the goods nor it exercises effective control over the goods and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns and allowances, trade discounts, cash discounts and volume rebates.
Other income : - Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder's right to receive the payment has been established (provided that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably).
Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefit will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective rate applicable, which is the rate that discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial assets to that asset's net carrying amount on initial recognition.
iii. Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost of acquisition or construction less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. For this purpose, cost includes deemed cost which represents the carrying value of property, plant and equipment recognised as at 1st April, 2016 measured as per the previous GAAP. Cost is inclusive of inward freight, duties and taxes and incidental expenses related to acquisition or construction. All upgradation / enhancements are charged off as revenue expenditure unless they bring similar significant additional benefits. An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Depreciation of these assets commences when the assets are ready for their intended use which is generally on commissioning. Items of property, plant and equipment are depreciated in a manner that amortizes the cost (or other amount substituted for cost) of the assets after commissioning, less its residual value, over their useful lives as specified in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 on a straight line basis. Freehold Land is not depreciated.
A. Depreciation / amortisation
The Company is following the straight line method of depreciation in respect of buildings, plant and machinery, office equipment acquired.
Depreciation on all tangible assets is provided on the basis of estimated useful life and residual value determined by the management based on a technical evaluation considering nature of asset, past experience, estimated usage of the asset etc.
Depreciable amount for assets is the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its estimated residual value.
B. Impairment Financial assets
The Company recognizes loss allowances using the expected credit loss for the financial assets which are not measured at fair value through profit or loss. Loss allowance for trade receivables with no significant financing component is measured at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit loss.
Non - financial assets Tangible and intangible assets
Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are evaluated for recoverability whenever there is any indication that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount (i.e. higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash generating unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs. If the recoverable amount of an asset (or CGU) is estimated to be less than its carrying
amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or CGU) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised in the statement of profit or loss. The Company review/assess at each reporting date if there is any indication that an asset may be impaired.
iv. Foreign Currency Transactions
Transactions in foreign currency are recorded on initial recognition at the exchange rate prevailing at the time of transaction.
Monetary items (i.e. receivables, payables, loans etc.) denominated in foreign currency are reported using the closing exchange rate on each balance sheet date.
The exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on reporting these items at rates different from rates at which these were initially recorded / reported in previous financial statements are recognised as income / expense in the period in which they arise.
v. Financial Instruments Initial recognition
Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of financial asset or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Subsequent measurement Non derivative financial instruments
(i) Financial assets carried at amortised cost : A financial asset is subsequently measured at amortised cost if it is held in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
(ii) Financial assets carried at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI): A financial asset is subsequently measured at FVTOCI if it is held not only for collection of cash flows arising from payments of principal and interest but also from the sale of such assets. Such assets are subsequently measured at fair value, with unrealised gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value being recognised in other comprehensive income.
(iii) Investment in subsidiaries and Joint Venture: Investment in subsidiaries and joint venture is carried at cost less impairment, if any, in the separate financial statements.
(iv) Financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL): A financial asset which is not classified in any of the above categories are subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss.
(v) Financial liabilities: Financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the Balance Sheet
date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.
(vi) Impairment of investments
The Company reviews its carrying value of long term investments in equity shares of subsidiaries and other companies carried at cost / amortized cost at the end of each reporting period. If the recoverable amount is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is accounted for.
VI Inventories
I Finished goods are valued at lower of cost and net realisable value.
Work in progress on works contracts, awaiting billing is valued at proportionate contract value. The bases of determining costs for various categories of inventories are as follows:-Raw material and components - Weighted average
Work in progress and finished goods - Material cost plus appropriate share of labour and other overheads
Including excise duty on finished goods
Work in progress at works contracts - Material cost, direct labour and other direct expenses. ix. Employee Benefits
The Company has various schemes of employee benefits such as provident fund, superannuation fund, gratuity and leave encashment, which are dealt with as under:
i. Contributions to provident fund are charged to statement of profit and loss every year.
ii. Contributions towards Superannuation Scheme of Life Insurance Corporation of India are charged to statement of profit and loss every year.
iii. Contributions are made towards Gratuity Scheme of Life Insurance Corporation of India. Provision for gratuity is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date. Re-measurement comprising actuarial gains and losses and return on plan assets (excluding net interest) are recognized in the other comprehensive income for the period in which they occur and is not reclassified to profit or loss.
iv. Provision for leave encashment (including long term compensated absences) is made based on an actuarial valuation. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in the statement of profit and loss for the period in which they occur.
v. Liability on account of short term employee benefits, comprising largely of compensated absences and performance incentives, is recognised on an undiscounted accrual basis during the period when the employee renders service.
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