1. Corporate Information

The Company was incorporated as a private limited company with the name "Marine Electricals (India) Private Limited" on 4 December 2007 under the Companies Act, 1956 by converting a partnership firm with the name "Marine Electricals". On 1 August 2018, the Company was converted into a public limited company and the name got changed to "Marine Electricals (India) Limited". The Company got listed on Small and Medium Enterprises ("SME") platform named EMERGE of National Stock Exchange of India ("NSE") on 11 October 2018 and got migrated to NSE main board with effect from 02 December 2020.

The Company is engaged in manufacturing and sale of all types of marine and industrial electrical & electronic components like switch-gears, control-gears etc. and is also engaged in renewable energy sector specifically solar. It also provides services like designing, fabricating etc. for all types of electrical & electronic installations in India and abroad and undertake annual maintenance contracts.

2. Statement of compliance and basis of preparation and presentation

2.1 Statement of compliance

These standalone financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards ("Ind AS") as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as amended from time to time and notified under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act") and in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in India and other relevant provisions of the Act.

These standalone financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2024 were authorised and approved for issue by the Company's Board of Directors at its meeting held on 29 May 2024.

2.2 Basis of preparation and measurement

These standalone financial statements have been prepared on an accrual basis and under the historical cost convention except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments).

Fair value measurement

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these financial statements is determined on such a basis, except for measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are not fair value, such as net realisable value in Ind AS 2 or value in use in Ind AS 36.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the standalone financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

Level 1- Quoted (Unadjusted) marked prices in the active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2- Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3- Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable.

2.3 Functional and presentation currency

These standalone financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (INR), which is also the Company's functional currency. All amounts have been rounded-off to the nearest lakhs, unless otherwise indicated.

2.4 Current Versus non-current classification

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company's normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013. Based on the nature of products and the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of current -non-current classification of assets and liabilities.

2.5 Critical accounting judgements and use of estimates

The preparation of standalone financial statements requires the management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the results of operations during the reporting period. The actual results could differ from those estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of revision or future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

Accounting estimates and judgements are used in various line items in the standalone financial statements for e.g.:

Property, plant and equipment

The management engages internal technical team to assess the remaining useful lives and residual value of property, plant and equipment annually in order to determine the amount of depreciation to be recorded during any reporting period. The management believes that the assigned useful lives and residual value are reasonable.

Income taxes

The management judgement is required for the calculation of provision for income taxes and deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company reviews at each balance sheet date the carrying amount of deferred tax assets / liabilities. The factors used in estimates may differ from actual outcome which could lead to significant adjustment to the amounts reported in the standalone financial statements.

Contingencies

The management's judgement is required for estimating the possible outflow of resources, if any, in respect of contingencies/claim/litigations against the Company as it is not possible to predict the outcome of pending matters with accuracy.

Expected credit losses on financial assets:

The impairment provisions of financial assets and contract assets are based on assumptions about risk of default and expected timing of collection. The Company uses judgment in making these assumptions and selecting the inputs to the impairment calculation, based on the Company's past history of collections, customer's creditworthiness, existing market conditions as well as forward looking estimates at the end of each reporting period.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or cash generating unit (“CGU”) exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The fair value less costs of disposal calculation is based on available data from binding sales transactions, conducted at arm's length, for similar assets or observable market prices less incremental costs for disposing of the asset. The value in use calculation is based on a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The cash flows are derived from the budget for future years and do not include restructuring activities that the Company is not yet committed to or significant future investments that will enhance the asset's performance of the CGU being tested. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model as well as the expected future cash-inflows and the growth rate used for extrapolation purposes.

Effective Interest Rate (EIR) Method:

The Company recognizes interest income / expense using a rate of return that represents the best estimate of a constant rate of return over the expected life of the loans given / taken. This estimation, by nature, requires an element of judgement regarding the expected behaviour and life-cycle of the instruments, as well as expected changes to other income/expense that are integral parts of the instrument.

Fair value measurements and valuation processes:

When the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be derived from active markets, they are determined using a variety of valuation technique that include the use of valuation models. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values. Judgments include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments.

2.6 New and amended standards

Ministry of Corporate Affairs (“MCA”) notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. As on 31 March 2024, no new standards or amendments are issued or notified.

3. Summary of Material Accounting Policies

3.1 Property, plant and equipment

All items of property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items. The gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss on the date of disposal or retirement.

Subsequent costs are capitalised on the carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when future economic benefits associated with the item are probable to flow to the Company and cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repair and maintenance are charged to the statement of profit and loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.

Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is provided on written down value method over the useful lives of assets as prescribed under Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. Based on past experience and internal technical evaluation, the management believes that these useful lives represent the appropriate period of usage and therefore, considered to be appropriate for charging depreciation.

Depreciation on addition (disposal) is provided on a pro-rata basis i.e. from (upto) the date on which assets is ready for use (disposed of).

The estimated useful lives of the property, plant and equipment considered by the Company are as follows:

Leasehold improvements are amortised over the lower of estimated useful life as per Schedule II or intended lease period.

Assets residual values, depreciation method and useful lives are reviewed at the end of financial year considering the physical condition of the assets or whenever there are indicators for review and adjusts residual life prospectively.

Derecognition

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant component initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset / significant component (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset / significant component) is recognised in statement of profit and loss, when the asset is derecognised.

3.2 Investment Property

Investment property is property held either to earn rental income or for capital appreciation or for both, but not for sale in the ordinary course of business, use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes. Upon initial recognition, an investment property is measured at cost. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment property is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Subsequent costs are capitalised on the carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when future economic benefits associated with the item are probable to flow to the Company and cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repair and maintenance are charged to the statement of profit and loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.

Depreciation on investment property is provided on the written down value method over their estimated useful lives. However, where the management's estimate of the remaining useful life of the assets on a review subsequent to the time of acquisition is different, then depreciation is provided over the remaining useful life based on the revised useful life.

3.3 Intangible assets

Identifiable intangible assets are recognised when the Company controls the asset, it is probable that future economic benefits attributed to the asset will flow to the Company and the cost of the asset can be reliably measured.

At initial recognition, the separately acquired intangible assets are recognised at cost. Following initial recognition, the intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Intangible assets, other than license and customer acquisition, are amortised on a written down value method in accordance with the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Act.

The estimated useful lives of the intangible assets considered by the Company are as follows:

License and customer acquisition are amortised on a straight-line basis over a period of five years.

The amortisation period and the amortisation method are reviewed at least at each financial year end. If the expected useful life of the asset is significantly different from previous estimates, the amortisation period is changed accordingly. Gains or losses arising from the retirement or disposal of an intangible asset are determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and recognised as income or expense in the statement of profit and loss.

3.4 Research and development cost

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditures on an individual project are recognised as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate:

1. The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale,

2. Its intention to complete and its ability and intention to use or sell the asset,

3. How the asset will generate future economic benefits,

4. The availability of resources to complete the asset

5. The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development.

Development expenditure till date of capitalization are disclosed under Intangible Assets under development. Following initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use.

3.5 Foreign currency translation Initial recognition

Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

Conversion

Foreign currency monetary items are reported using the closing rate. Non-monetary items which are carried in terms of historical cost denominated in a foreign currency are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary items, which are measured at fair value or other similar valuation denominated in a foreign currency, are translated using the exchange rate at the date when such value was determined.

Exchange differences

Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on reporting monetary items of Company at rates different from those at which they were initially recorded during the year, or reported in previous financial statements, are recognised as income or as expenses in the year in which they arise except those arising from investments in non-integral operations.

3.6 Taxes

Tax expense comprises of current and deferred tax.

The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period's taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.

Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilise those temporary differences and losses.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Current and deferred tax is recognised in the statement of profit and loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

3.7 Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and the net realisable value after providing for obsolescence and other losses, where considered necessary. Cost includes all charges in bringing the goods, including freight, octroi and other levies.

Cost is determined under the weighted average cost method and includes all costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Cost of finished goods and work in progress further includes direct labour and an appropriate share of production overheads as applicable.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated cost of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

Due allowances are made for defective, obsolete and slow-moving inventory, wherever necessary, based on management estimates and past experiences of the Company.

3.8 Revenue recognition

Revenue from contract with customers is recognized when the Company satisfies the performance obligation by transfer of control of promised product or service to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. Control is defined as the ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from an asset. Revenue excludes taxes collected from customers.

Revenue is measured based on the transaction price, which is the expected consideration to be received, to the extent that it is highly probable that there will not be a significant reversal of revenue in future periods. If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, at the inception of the contract, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods or services to the customer.

At the inception of the contract, the Company identifies the goods or services promised in the contract and assess which of the promised goods or services shall be identified as separate performance obligations. Promised goods or services give rise to separate performance obligations if they are capable of being distinct.

Revenue from the delivery of products is recognised at the point in time when control over the products is passed to the customers, which is determined based on the individual terms agreed in the customer contract. Revenue from support services is recognized on rendering of services in accordance with the contractual agreement with the customers.

Contract balances:

The Company classifies the right to consideration in exchange for deliverables as either a receivable or as unbilled revenue. A receivable is a right to consideration that is unconditional upon passage of time. Contract asset, which is presented as unbilled revenue, is classified as non-financial asset as the contractual right to consideration is dependent on completion of contractual milestones.

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company performs under the contract. Contract liabilities include, and are presented as ‘Revenue received in advance' and ‘Advances from customers'.

3.9 Other income Interest income

Interest income is recognized as it accrues in the statement of profit and loss using effective interest rate method.

Rental income

Rental income from property leased under operating lease is recognised in the income statement on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease unless increase in rentals are in line with expected general inflation. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

Duty drawback

Duty drawback is recognized basis entitlement upon exports made. Export incentive under duty drawback are accrued when no significant uncertainties as to the amount of consideration that would be derived and as to its ultimate collection exist.

Net gain loss on fair value change

The Company recognises gains on fair value change of financial assets measured at FVTPL and realised gains on derecognition of financial asset measured at FVTPL on net basis. However, net gain / loss on derecognition of financial instruments classified as amortised cost is presented separately under the respective head in the statement of profit and loss.

3.10 Financial instruments:

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

I. Financial assets

Initial recognition and measurement

All financial assets are recognised initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit and loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.

Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified as:

• Debt instruments assets at amortised cost

• Equity instrument measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

When assets are measured at fair value, gains and losses are either recognised entirely in the statement of profit and loss (i.e. fair value through profit and loss), or recognised in other comprehensive income (i.e. fair value through other comprehensive income).

Debt instruments at amortised cost

A debt instrument is measured at amortised cost (net of any write down for impairment) if both the following conditions are met:

• the asset is held to collect the contractual cash flows (rather than to sell the instrument prior to its contractual maturity to realise its fair value changes), and

• the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (“SPPI”) on the principal amount outstanding.

Such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised statement of profit and loss. This category generally applies to trade and other receivables

Financial assets at fair value through OCI (FVTOCI)

A financial asset that meets the following two conditions is measured at fair value through OCI unless the asset is designated at fair value through profit and loss under fair value option.

• The financial asset is held both to collect contractual cash flows and to sell.

• The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in OCI. However, the Company recognizes interest income, impairment losses & reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the Profit and Loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from the equity to Profit and Loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income using the EIR method.

Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL)

FVTPL is a residual category for company's investment instruments. Any instruments which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.

All investments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the Profit and Loss

In addition, the company may elect to designate an instrument, which otherwise meets amortized cost or FVTOCI criteria, as at FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as ‘accounting mismatch').

Equity investments

All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company has not made any such election. This classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.

If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to P&L, even on sale of investment, However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the P&L.

Equity investment in subsidiary are measured at cost.

Derecognition

When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘passthrough' arrangement; it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership.

A financial asse t (or, where appli cab le, a part of a financial a ssetor part of a Company of similar Ýfinancial assets) in primarily derecognised when:

• The rights to receive cash flows from the esset have expiredi or

• Based on obove evaluation, eitlser

(a) toe Company has transferred substantially all the risks aod rewards of the asset, tor

(b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained sebstantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, bet has transferred control of the asset.

When it h as neither transeerred nor retained s ebstantialld all of the risks esd rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of the Company's continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognises an associated liability. The transterred ass et a nd the associ ated liability are measured con a bas es that reflect the rights and obligations that th e Comfeny has retained,

Contine^ involvement t hat takes th efomi of a guarantee over toe transferred asset is measered at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Company coeld be req uired to repay.

Impairment of financial assets

The (Company assasses at each date of balance sh eet whether a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaled. Ind AS 1 09 (‘Financial instruments') requires exnected cred it losses to be measu red through n toss al l owance.T he Company recognizes ieetime experted losses for all contrsstass etsa nd/ er a!ltrade receivables that do not nonstitute a financing transaction. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit losses or at an amount equal to the life time expected credit losses if the credit risk on the financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition.

ii. Financial liabilities

lni tinl recognison and m easurement

Finannizⁱ liab ¹ lities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss or at amortised cost, asap propriate.

All fifancial liabil i ties are recognise°initi ally at fair value and, in the cas e of loans and borrawtogs, net of mlirectly attributable ttansactien costs.

The (Co mpany's financial liabilities include trade payables and other payables.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on tovirclassificatien| as described below:

Financial liabilities at amortised cost

After initial recognition, i^erest-bean eg loa ns and enrrowings wnd otoer payables are subseque ntly measured at amortised vost usin g th e EIR methoa. Ga insand losses are recognisedin profit and loss wCe n t he lia billies are de recngnised as well as throug h the EIR amort isation p rocess.

Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or Eosts t hat are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortis atioa is inc luded as finance costs in tes statement of profit and loss.

Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. Wees an existiyg financial liability'’ is replaced by anotoerfrom the same len0etoy suSetaotially oifferent tetms, or the terms oc an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification in treated as the derecognition of the orioinal Mability and toe recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

iii. Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

iv. Reclassification of financial assets

The Company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial liabilities. For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change in the business model for managing those assets. Changes to the business model are expected to be infrequent. The Company's senior management determines change in the business model as a result of external or internal changes which are significant to the Company's operations. Such changes are evident to external parties. A change in the business model occurs when the Company either begins or ceases to perform an activity that is significant to its operations. If the Company reclassifies financial assets, it applies the reclassification prospectively from the reclassification date which is the first day of the immediately next reporting period following the change in business model. The Company does not restate any previously recognised gains, losses (including impairment gains or losses) or interest.

1.11 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets Provision

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated. Provisions are not recognised for future operating losses. Provision are measured at the present value of management's best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. Provisions are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as finance cost.

Contingent liabilities and contingent assets

Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made. Information on contingent liability is disclosed in the Notes to the standalone Financial Statements

Contingent assets are not recognized in the standalone financial statements. However, it is disclosed only when an inflow of economic benefits is probable.

M2 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs are interest and other costs (including exchange differences relating to foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs) incurred in connection with the borrowing of funds.

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

Interest income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation.

All other borrowing costs are recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which they are incurred.

3.13 Employee benefits Short-term employee benefits:

All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering the service are classified as shortterm employee benefits. These benefits include salary, wages, short-term compensated absences, performance incentives, etc. The undiscounted amount of short -term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognized during the period of rendering of service by the employee.

Long-term employee benefits:

(i) Defined contribution plans:

The Company's contribution to provident fund, superannuation fund, employee state insurance scheme and labour welfare fund are considered as defined contribution plans. The Company's contribution paid / payable under the plans are recognised as an expense in the standalone statement of profit and loss during the period in which the employee renders the related service.

(ii) Defined benefits plan:

Post-employment benefit:

The Company's gratuity scheme is a defined benefit plan. The Company's net obligation in respect of the gratuity benefit scheme is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. The present value of the obligation under such defined benefit plan is determined based on independent actuarial valuation at the balance sheet date using the Projected Unit Credit Method, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation. The obligation is measured at the present value of the estimated future cash flows. The discount rates used for determining the present value of the obligation under defined benefit plan are based on the market yields on Government securities as at the balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized immediately in the standalone statement of profit and loss.

Other long-term employment benefit:

The employees can carry-forward a portion of the unutilised accrued compensated absences and utilise it in future service periods or receive encashment on termination of employment. Since the compensated absences do not fall due wholly within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service and are also not expected to be utilized wholly within twelve months after the end of such period, the benefit is classified as a long-term employee benefit. The Company records an obligation for such compensated absences in the period in which the employee renders the services that increase this entitlement. The obligation is measured on the basis of independent actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method.

3.14 Leases

At inception of contract, the Company assesses whether the Contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative standalone price.

As a lessee:

Leases are recognised as a Right-of-Use (ROU) asset at cost with a corresponding lease liability, except for leases with term of less than twelve months (short term) and low-value assets in accordance with Ind AS 116 ‘Leases'.

The cost of the right-of-use assets comprises the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability, any lease payments made at or before the inception date of the lease plus any initial direct costs etc.

Subsequently, the right-of-use asset is measured at cost less any accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The right-of-use asset is depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date over the shorter of lease term or useful life of right-of-use assets.

For lease liabilities at the commencement date, the Company measures the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at that date. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, if that rate is readily determined, if that rate is not readily determined, the lease payments are discounted using the incremental borrowing rate.

For short-term and low value leases, the Company recognizes the lease payments as an operating expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

As a lessor:

Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income on such operating leases are recognised in the statement of profit and loss on an accrual basis in accordance with the lease agreement. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

3.15 Borrowings

Borrowings are initially recognised at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognised in the statement of profit and loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.

Borrowings are removed from the balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in the statement of profit and loss as other gains/(losses).

Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period.

3.16 Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.

3.17 Segment reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) of the Company.