2.2 Summary of material accounting policies
a) Current versus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification. An asset is
treated as current when it is:

• Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

• Held primarily for the purpose of trading

• Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months
after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting
period

Notes to the standalone financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2025

(All amounts are in Indian rupees in millions except share data and unless otherwise stated)

• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting
period

The terms of the liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity
instruments do not affect its classification.

The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equiv¬
alents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.

b) Property, plant and equipment

Freehold land is carried at cost, net of tax / duty credit availed, net of accumulated impairment, if any. All other items
of property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of tax / duty credit availed, less accumulated depreciation and
accumulated impairment losses, if any. Cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price,
including import duties and non-refundable taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates, any directly attributable
cost of bringing the item to its working condition for its intended use and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the
item and restoring the site on which it located. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment and
borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of plant and
equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful
lives. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as incurred.

Capital work-in-progress (CWIP) includes cost of property, plant and equipment under installation / under development,
net of accumulated impairment loss, if any, as at the balance sheet date.

Directly attributable expenditure incurred on project under implementation are shown under CWIP. At the point when an
asset is capable of operating in the manner intended by management, the capital work in progress is transferred to the
appropriate category of property, plant and equipment.

Cost of assets not ready for use at the balance sheet date are disclosed under capital work-in-progress. Amounts paid
towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding as of each reporting date are recognised as capital
advance.

Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated by the
management, which is equal to the life prescribed under the Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no
future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Gains and losses upon disposal of an item of property, plant and
equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment
and are recognized net within "other (income) / expense, net" in the statement of profit and loss.

C) Intangible assets

Costs relating to computer software, which is acquired, are capitalised and amortised on a straight-line basis over their estimated
useful lives of three years.

Gains or losses arising from de-recognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal
proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is
derecognised.

d) Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value after providing for obsolescence and other losses, where
considered necessary. Cost of inventories comprises all cost of purchase, cost of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing
the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course
of business, less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition are accounted for as follows:

i. Raw materials: Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and
condition. Cost is determined on weighted average basis.

ii. Finished goods and work-in-progress: Cost includes cost of direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing
overheads based on the normal operating capacity but excluding borrowing costs. Cost is determined on weighted average
basis.

e. Impairment of non financial assets

The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication
exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset's recoverable amount. An
asset's recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's or cash-generating unit's (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value
in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely
independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its
recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that
reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less
costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate
valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded
companies or other available fair value indicators.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for
each of the Company's CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations
generally cover a period of five years. For longer periods, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future
cash flows after the fifth year. To estimate cash flow projections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets / forecasts,
the Company extrapolates cash flow projections in the budget using a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent years,
unless an increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term average growth rate for
the products, industries, or country or countries in which the Company operates, or for the market in which the asset is used.

Impairment losses of continuing operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognised in the statement of profit and
loss, except for properties previously revalued with the revaluation surplus taken to OCI. For such properties, the impairment is
recognised in OCI up to the amount of any previous revaluation surplus. An assessment is made at each reporting date to
determine whether there is an indication that previously recognised impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such
indication exists, the Company estimates the asset's or CGU's recoverable amount.

A previously recognised impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine
the asset's recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. The reversal is limited so that the carrying
amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been
determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior periods. Such reversal is
recognised in the statement of profit and loss unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case, the reversal
is treated as a revaluation increase.

f) Revenue

(i) Revenue from contract with customers

Revenue from contracts with customer is recognised when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer.
The Company has concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements because it typically controls the goods or
services before transferring them to the customer.

Revenue is measured at the transaction price of the consideration received or receivable. Amount disclosed as revenue are
net of returns, trade allowances, rebates. Amounts collected on behalf of third parties such as Goods and Service Tax (GST)
are excluded from revenue.

The specific recognition criteria described below must also be met before revenue is recognised.

Sale of goods

Revenue is recognized at the point in time when control of the goods is passed to the customer. The point at which control
passes is determined based on the terms and conditions by each customer arrangement, but generally occurs on delivery
to the customer. The contracts that Company enters into relate to sales order containing single performance obligations for
the delivery of goods as per Ind AS 115. Transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to
be entitled in exchange for transferring goods to a customer. Variable consideration is estimated using the expected value
method or most likely amount as appropriate in a given circumstance. Payment terms agreed with a customer are as per
business practice and there is no financing component involved in the transaction price. The Company considers whether
there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction
price needs to be allocated.

Contract Balances

Contract assets

A contract asset is the right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to the customer. If the Company
performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due,
a contract asset is recognised for the earned consideration that is conditional.

Trade receivable

A receivable is recognised if an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required
before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section (i) Financial
instruments - initial recognition and subsequent measurement.

Contract liabilities

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received
consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company
transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due
(whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company performs under the contract.

(ii) Export benefits

Export benefits are recognised where there is reasonable assurance that the benefit will be received and all attached
conditions will be complied with. Export benefits on account of export promotion schemes are accrued and accounted in the
period of export and are included in other operating revenue.

(iii) Interest income

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the
Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by
reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable.

(iv) Dividend income

Dividend income from investments is recognised in the year in which the right to receive the payment is established.

g) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a
substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other
borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an
entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds.

h) Foreign currency transactions

Items included in the financial statements of Company are measured using currency of the primary economic environment in
which the Company operates ("the functional currency"). The financial statements are presented in Indian rupees (INR), which
is the functional currency of the Company. Net gain relating to translation or settlement of borrowings denominated in foreign
currency are reported within Other income.

Transactions and balances

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Company in INR at spot rates at the date the transaction first
qualifies for recognition. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at INR spot rates of
exchange at the reporting date. Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognised in
the statement of profit and loss.Net loss relating to translation orsettlement of borrowings denominated in foreign currency
are reported within finance costs.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates
at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using
the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items
measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e.,
translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognised in OCI or profit or loss are also recognised in OCI or
profit or loss, respectively).

In determining the spot exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income (or part of it) on the
derecognition of a nonmonetary asset or non-monetary liability relating to advance consideration, the date of the transaction is
the date on which the Company initially recognises the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the advance
consideration. If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, the Company determines the transaction date for each
payment or receipt of advance consideration.

i) Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity
instrument of another entity.

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets are classified, at initial recognition, as subsequently measured at amortised cost, fair value through other
comprehensive income (OCI), and fair value through profit or loss.

The classification of financial assets at initial recognition depends on the financial asset's
contractual cash flow characteristics and the Company's business model for managing them. With the exception of trade
receivables that do not contain a significant financing component or for which the Company has applied the
practical expedient, the Company initially measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a
financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs. Trade receivables that do not contain a significant
financing component or for which the Company has applied the practical expedient are measured at the transaction price
determined under Ind AS 115. Refer to the accounting policies in section (f) Revenue from contracts with customers.

In order for a financial asset to be classified and measured at amortised cost or fair value through OCI, it
needs to give rise to cash flows that are 'solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI)' on the principal
amount outstanding. This assessment is referred to as the SPPI test and is performed at an instrument level.
Financial assets with cash flows that are not SPPI are classified and measured at fair value through profit or loss,
irrespective of the business model.

The Company's business model for managing financial assets refers to how it manages its financial assets in order to
generate cash flows. The business model determines whether cash flows will result from collecting contractual cash flows,
selling the financial assets, or both. Financial assets classified and measured at amortised cost are held within a business
model with the objective to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows while financial assets classified
and measured at fair value through OCI are held within a business model with the objective of both holding to collect
contractual cash flows and selling.

Purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or
convention in the market place (regular way trades) are recognised on the trade date, i.e., the date that the Company
commits to purchase or sell the asset.

Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:

Debt instruments at amortised cost

Debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

Debt instruments at amortised cost

A 'debt instrument' is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:

a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and

b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest
(SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.

This category is the most relevant to the Company. After initial measurement, such financial assets are
subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost is
calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part
of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in other income in the statement of profit and loss. The losses arising
from impairment are recognised in the profit or loss.

Debt instruments at FVTOCI

A 'debt instrument' is classified as at the FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:

a) The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets,
and

b) The asset's contractual cash flows represent SPPI

Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date
at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in the other comprehensive income (OCI). However, the
Company recognizes interest income, impairment losses & reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the
statement of profit and loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in
OCI is reclassified from the equity to statement of profit and loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt
instrument is reported as interest income using the EIR method.

Debts Instrument at FVTPL

FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization
as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.

In addition, the Company may elect to designate a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortized cost or FVTOCI
criteria, as at FVTPL.However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or
recognition inconsistency (referred to as 'accounting mismatch'). The Company has not designated any debt instrument as at
FVTPL. Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the
statement of profit and loss.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are carried in the balance sheet at fair value with net changes in fair value
recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

This category includes listed equity investments which the Company had not irrevocably elected to classify at fair value
through OCI. Dividends on listed equity investments are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the right of
payment has been established.

Equity instruments designated at fair value through OCI

Upon initial recognition, the Company can elect to classify irrevocably its equity investments as equity instruments
designated at fair value through OCI when they meet the definition of equity under Ind AS 32 Financial Instruments:
Presentation and are not held for trading. The classification is determined on an instrument-by-instrument basis. Equity
instruments which are held for trading are classified as at FVTPL.

Gains and losses on these financial assets are never recycled to profit or loss. Dividends are recognised as other income in
the statement of profit and loss when the right of payment has been established, except when the Company benefits from
such proceeds as a recovery of part of the cost of the financial asset, in which case, such gains are recorded in OCI. Equity
instruments designated at fair value through OCI are not subject to impairment assessment.

Investment in Subsidiary:

The Company has elected to recognize its investments in subsidiary at cost less accumulated impairment loss, if any in
accordance with the option available in Ind AS 27, 'Separate Financial Statements'. Cost represents amount paid for
acquisition of the said investments.

On disposal of an investment, the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount is charged
or credited to profit or loss. The details of such investment are given in Note 4. Refer to the accounting policies in (g)
Impairment of non-financial assets.

Derecognition:

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily
derecognised when:

• The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or

• The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an

obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a 'pass-through'

arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or
(b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has
transferred control of the asset.

When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through
arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has
neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of

the asset, the Company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of the Company's continuing

involvement. Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at
the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Company
could be required to repay. In that case, the Company also recognises an associated liability. The transferred asset and
the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

Impairment of financial assets

Further disclosures relating to impairment of financial assets are also provided in the following note:

Trade receivables- see note 10

For trade receivables the Company applies a simplified approach in calculating ECLs. Therefore, the Company does not
track changes in credit risk, but instead recognises a loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date. The
Company has established a provision matrix that is based on its historical credit loss experience, adjusted for forward
looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment.

The Company assumes that the credit risk on a financial asset has increased significantly if it is more than the 365 days
over and above the usual credit period.

The Company considers a financial asset to be in default when the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligations to the
Company in full, without recourse by the Company to actions such as realising security (if any is held).

Evidence that a financial asset is credit impaired includes the following observable data:

• significant financial difficulty of the borrower or issuer;

• a breach of contract such as a default or being past due over a reasonable period of credit

• the restructuring of a loan or advance by the Company on terms that the Company would not consider otherwise;

• it is probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation;

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, loans and
borrowings, or as payables, as appropriate. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of
loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities is as described below:

Loans and borrowings

This is the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are
subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when
the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into
account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation
is included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.

De-recognition

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an
existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an
existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original
liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the
statement of profit and loss.

Reclassification of financial instruments

The Company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial
recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial liabilities.
For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change in the business
model for managing those assets. Changes to the business model are expected to be infrequent. The
Company's senior management determines change in the business model as a result of external or internal
changes which are significant to the Company's operations. Such changes are evident to external parties. A change
in the business model occurs when the Company either begins or ceases to perform an activity that is significant
to its operations. If the Company reclassifies financial assets, it applies the reclassification prospectively from the
reclassification date which is the first day of the immediately next reporting period following the change in business model.
The Company does not restate any previously recognised gains, losses (including impairment gains or losses) or interest.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a
currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to real¬
ise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

j) Segment reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief
operating officer/ chief executive officer. The chief operating officer/ chief executive officer is responsible for allocating
resources and assessing performance of the operating segments and accordingly is identified as the chief operating
decision maker.

k) Fair value measurement

The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly
transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the
presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

- In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

- In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company. The fair value of an asset or a
liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability,
assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic
benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the
asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are
available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of
unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within
the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value
measurement as a whole:

- Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

- Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is

directly or indirectly observable

- Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is

unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company
determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on
the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of
the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

This note summarises accounting policy for fair value. Other fair value related disclosures are given in the relevant
notes.

- Disclosures for valuation methods, significant estimates and assumptions (notes 32)

- Investment in unquoted equity shares (note 4)

- Financial instruments (including those carried at amortised cost) (notes 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 17A, 34, 37)

l) Taxes

Tax expense comprises current tax expense and deferred tax

Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation
authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted,
at the reporting date in India.

Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other
comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in
OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in
which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities
and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:

- When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is
not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or
loss and does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any
unused tax losses.

Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the
deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except:

- When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset
or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the
accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss and does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences.

The carrying amount of deferred tax asset is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no
longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised.
Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has
become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when
the asset is realised, or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or
substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in
other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying
transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

The Company offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable
right to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities
relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different
taxable entities which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realise the assets and
settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are
expected to be settled or recovered.

Sales/ value added taxes paid on acquisition of assets or on incurring expenses

Expenses and assets are recognised net of the amount of sales/ value added taxes paid, except:

- When the tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the
tax paid is recognised as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable

- When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of tax included

The net amount of tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables
in the balance sheet.

m) Retirement and other employee benefits

Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund is a defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation,
other than the contribution payable to the provident fund. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident
fund scheme as an expense, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for
service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is
recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the
contribution due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent
that the prepayment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

The cost of providing benefits under the defined benefit plan is determined based on actuarial valuation using the
projected unit credit method.

Remeasurements, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts
included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts
included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognised immediately in the balance sheet
with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur.
Remeasurements are not reclassified to statement of profit and loss in subsequent periods.

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The Company recog¬
nises the following changes in the net defined benefit obligation as an expense in the statement of profit and loss:

- Service costs comprising current service costs, past-service costs, gains and losses on curtailments and non-routine
settlements; and

- Net interest expense or income

Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next 12 months, is treated as short-term employee benefit.
The Company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of
the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date. The Company recognizes expected cost of short-term
employee benefit as an expense, when an employee renders the related service.

The Company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee
benefit for measurement purposes. Such compensated absences are provided for based on the actuarial valuation using
the projected unit credit method at the year-end. Actuarial gains/losses are immediately taken to the statement of profit
and loss and are not deferred. The Company presents the leave as a current liability in the balance sheet, as it does not have
an unconditional right to defer its settlement for 12 months after the reporting date.