1. Corporate and General Information

Power Grid Corporation of India Limited ('the Company') is a public company domiciled and incorporated in India under the provisions of The Companies Act and its shares are listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and BSE Limited (BSE) in India. The registered office of the Company is situated at B-9, Qutab Institutional Area, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi, India and its Corporate Office is located at Saudamini, Plot No.2, Sector-29, Gurgaon, Haryana.

The Company is notified as the deemed transmission licensee under The Electricity Act, 2003. It is principally engaged in implementation, operation and maintenance of Inter-State Transmission System (ISTS), Telecom and consultancy services.

The financial statements of the company for the year ended 31 March 2024 were approved for issue by the Board of Directors on 22 May 2024.

2. Material Accounting Policy Information

A summary of the material accounting policy information applied in the preparation of the financial statements are as given below. These accounting policies have been applied consistently to all periods presented in the financial statements.

2.1 Basis of Preparation

i) Compliance with Ind AS

The financial statements are prepared in compliance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (the Act), Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, the relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (to the extent notified), The Companies Act, 1956 and the provisions of Electricity Act, 2003, in each case, to the extent applicable and as amended thereafter.

ii) Basis of Measurement

The financial statements have been prepared on accrual basis and under the historical cost convention except following which have been measured at fair value:

• Certain financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (refer Note no. 2.13 for accounting policy regarding financial instruments),

• Defined benefit plans - plan assets measured at fair value.

iii) Functional and presentation currency

The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (Rupees or f), which is the Company's functional and presentation currency and all amounts are rounded to the nearest crore and two decimals thereof, except as stated otherwise.

iv) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Although, such estimates and assumptions are made on a reasonable and prudent basis taking into account all available information, actual results could differ from these estimates. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an on-going basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision effects only that period or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future years (refer Note no. 3 on critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgments).

v) Current and non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/non-current classification.

An asset is current when it is:

• Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle;

• Held primarily for the purpose of trading;

• Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period; or

• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other assets are classified as non-current. A liability is current when:

• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle;

• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading;

• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period; or

• There is no unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other liabilities are classified as noncurrent.

Deferred tax assets/liabilities are classified as non-current.

The Company recognises twelve months period as its operating cycle.

2.2 Property, Plant and Equipment

The Company had opted to consider the carrying value of Property, Plant and Equipment as per previous GAAP on the date of transition to Ind AS (1st April, 2015) to be the deemed cost as per Ind AS 101 'First time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards'.

Initial Recognition and Measurement

Property, Plant and Equipment is initially measured at cost of acquisition/construction including any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. After initial recognition, Property, Plant and Equipment is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation / amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

In the case of commissioned assets, deposit works/ cost- plus contracts where final settlement of bills with contractors is yet to be effected, capitalisation is done on provisional basis subject to necessary adjustments in the year of final settlement.

Assets and systems common to more than one transmission system are capitalised on the basis of technical estimates/ assessments.

Transmission system assets are considered as ready for intended use from the date of commercial operation declared or approved in terms of CERC Tariff Regulations and capitalised accordingly.

The cost of land includes provisional deposits, payments/liabilities towards compensation, rehabilitation and other expenses wherever possession of land is taken.

Expenditure on levelling, clearing and grading of land if incurred for construction of building is capitalised as part of cost of the related building.

Spares parts whose cost is ^5,00,000/- and above, standby equipment and servicing equipment which meets the recognition criteria of Property, Plant and Equipment are capitalised.

The acquisition or construction of some items of property, plant and equipment although not

directly increasing the future economic benefits of any particular existing item of property, plant and equipment, may be necessary for the company to obtain future economic benefits from its other assets. Such items are recognised as property, plant and equipment.

Subsequent costs

Subsequent expenditure is recognised as an increase in carrying amount of assets when it is probable that future economic benefits deriving from the cost incurred will flow to the company and cost of the item can be measured reliably.

The cost of replacing part of an item of Property, Plant & Equipment is recognised in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that future economic benefits embodied within the part will flow to the company and its cost can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognised. If the cost of the replaced part or earlier inspection component is not available, the estimated cost of similar new parts/inspection component is used as an indication of what the cost of the existing part/ inspection component was when the item was acquired or inspection was carried out.

The costs of the day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognised in the Statement of Profit & Loss as incurred.

Derecognition

An item of Property, Plant and Equipment is derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal.

The gain or loss arising from derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss on the date of derecognition.

2.3 Capital Work-In-Progress (CWIP)

Cost of material, erection charges and other expenses incurred for the construction of Property, Plant and Equipment are shown as CWIP based on progress of erection work till the date of capitalisation.

Expenditure of Corporate office, Regional Offices and Projects, directly attributable to construction of property, plant and equipment are identified and allocated on a systematic basis to the cost of the related assets.

Interest during construction and expenditure (net) allocated to construction as per policy above are kept as a separate item under CWIP and

apportioned to the assets being capitalised in proportion to the closing balance of CWIP.

Deposit works/cost-plus contracts are accounted for on the basis of statement received from the contractors or technical assessment of work completed.

Unsettled liability for price variation/exchange rate variation in case of contracts is accounted for on estimated basis as per terms of the contracts.

2.4 Intangible Assets and Intangible Assets under development

The Company had opted to consider the carrying value of Intangible Assets as per previous GAAP on the date of transition to Ind AS (1st April, 2015) to be the deemed cost as per Ind AS 101 'First time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards'.

Intangible assets with finite useful life that are acquired separately are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

Subsequent expenditure on already capitalised Intangible assets is capitalised when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in an existing asset and is amortised prospectively.

The cost of software (which is not an integral part of the related hardware) acquired for internal use and resulting in significant future economic benefits is recognised as an intangible asset when the same is ready for its use.

Afforestation charges for acquiring right-of-way for laying transmission lines are accounted for as intangible assets on the date of capitalisation of related transmission lines.

Expenditure incurred, eligible for capitalisation under the head Intangible Assets, are carried as "Intangible Assets under Development" till such assets are ready for their intended use.

Expenditure on research activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.

Expenditure on development activities shall be recognised as Intangible asset if it meets the eligibility criteria as per Ind AS 38 'Intangible Assets', otherwise it shall be recognised as an expense.

An item of Intangible asset is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised.

2.5 Investment property

The Company had opted to consider the carrying value of Investment Property as per previous GAAP on the date of transition to Ind AS (1st April, 2015) to be the deemed cost as per Ind AS 101 'First time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards'.

Investment property comprises portions of land and/or buildings that are held for long term rental yields and/or for capital appreciation.

Investment properties are initially measured at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss, if any.

Transfers to or from investment property is made when there is a change in use i.e. an asset meets or ceases to meet the definition of investment property and there is evidence of the change in use.

Investment properties are derecognised either when they have been disposed off or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. The difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognised as profit or loss in the period of derecognition.

2.6 Depreciation / Amortisation

Property, Plant and Equipment

Depreciation/amortisation on the items of property, plant and equipment related to transmission business is provided on straight line method following the rates and methodology notified by the CERC for the purpose of recovery of tariff and on property, plant and equipment of telecom and consultancy business is provided on straight line method as per useful life specified in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 except for property, plant and equipment specified in the following paragraphs.

ULDC assets commissioned prior to 1st April 2014 are depreciated on Straight Line Method @ 6.67% per annum. Such assets commissioned on or after 1st April 2014 are depreciated on straight line method following the rates and methodology notified by the CERC for the purpose of recovery of tariff.

In the case of property, plant and equipment of National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC), National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation Limited (NHPC), North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited (NEEPCO), Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC) transferred w.e.f. April 1, 1992, Jammu and Kashmir Lines w.e.f. April 1, 1993, and Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited (THDC) w.e.f. August 1, 1993, depreciation is charged based on gross block as indicated in transferor's books with necessary adjustments so that the life of the assets as laid down in the CERC notification for tariff is maintained.

Depreciation on spares parts, standby equipment and servicing equipment which are capitalised, is provided on straight line method from the date they are available for use over the remaining useful life of the related assets of transmission business, following the rates and methodology notified by the CERC.

Depreciation on following items of property, plant and equipment is provided based on estimated useful life as per technical assessment.

Residual value of above assets is considered as Nil.

Mobile phones are charged off in the year of purchase.

Property, plant and equipment costing f5,000/- or less, are fully depreciated in the year of acquisition.

Where the cost of depreciable property, plant and equipment has undergone a change due to increase/decrease in long term monetary items on account of exchange rate fluctuation, price adjustment, change in duties or similar factors, the unamortised balance of such asset is depreciated prospectively at the rates and methodology as specified by the CERC Tariff Regulations, except for telecom and consultancy business assets where residual life is determined on the basis of useful life of property, plant and equipment as specified in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013.

Depreciation on additions to/deductions from Property, Plant and Equipment during the year is charged on pro-rata basis from/up to the date on which the asset is available for use/disposed.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation for items of property, plant and equipment other than items of property, plant and equipment related to transmission business are reviewed at each financial year-end and adjusted prospectively, wherever required.

Right of Use Assets:

Right of Use assets are fully depreciated from the lease commencement date on a straight line basis over the lease term.

Leasehold land is fully amortised over lease period or life of the related plant whichever is lower in accordance with the rates and methodology specified in CERC Tariff Regulation. Leasehold land acquired on perpetual lease is not amortised.

Intangible Assets

Cost of software capitalised as intangible asset is amortised over the period of legal right to use or 3 years, whichever is less with Nil residual value.

Afforestation charges are amortised over thirty five years from the date of capitalisation of related transmission assets following the rates and methodology notified by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) Tariff Regulations.

Telecom Licenses are amortised on straight line basis over their respective useful lives.

Expenditure on development of 1200kv Transmission System shall be amortised over a period of 10 years.

Amortisation on additions to/deductions from Intangible Assets during the year is charged on pro-rata basis from/up to the date on which the asset is available for use/disposed.

The amortisation period and the amortisation method for intangible assets are reviewed at each financial year-end and are accounted for as change in accounting estimates in accordance with Ind AS 8 "Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors".

2.7 Borrowing Costs

All the borrowed funds (except short term funds for working capital) are earmarked to specific projects. The borrowing costs (including bond issue expenses, interest, discount on bonds, front end fee, guarantee fee, management fee etc.) are allocated to the projects in proportion to the funds so earmarked.

Exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowing to the extent regarded as an adjustment to interest costs are treated as borrowing cost.

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition or construction of qualifying assets are capitalised (net of income on temporary deployment of funds) as part of the cost of such assets till the assets are ready for the intended use. Qualifying assets are assets which take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use.

All other borrowing costs are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.

2.8 Impairment of non-financial assets

The carrying amounts of the Company's nonfinancial assets are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment considering the provisions of Ind AS

36 'Impairment of Assets'. If any such indication exists, then the asset's recoverable amount is estimated.

The recoverable amount of an asset or cashgenerating unit is the higher of its fair value less costs to disposal and its value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted. For the purpose of impairment testing, assets that cannot be tested individually are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets (the "cash-generating unit", or "CGU").

An impairment loss is recognised if the carrying amount of an asset or its CGU exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Impairment losses recognised in respect of CGUs are reduced from the carrying amounts of the assets of the CGU.

Impairment losses recognised in prior periods are assessed at each reporting date for any indications that the loss has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset's carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortisation, if no impairment loss had been recognised.

2.9 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and at bank, and deposits held at call with banks having a maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition that are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

2.10 Inventories

Inventories are valued at lower of the cost, determined on weighted average basis and net realisable value.

Spares which do not meet the recognition criteria as Property, Plant and Equipment, including spare parts whose cost is less than ^5,00,000/- are recorded as inventories.

Surplus materials as determined by the management are held for intended use and are included in the inventory.

The diminution in the value of obsolete/ unserviceable/surplus stores and spares and nonmoving unserviceable inventories is ascertained on review and provided for.

2.11 Leases

Lease is a contract that conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether: (i) the contract involves use of an identified assets, (ii) the customer has substantially all the economic benefits from the use of the asset through the period of the lease and (iii) the customer has the right to direct the use of the asset.

i) As a Lessee

At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognises a right-of-use asset (ROU) and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for lease with a term of twelve months or less (i.e. short term leases) and leases for which the underlying asset is of low value. For these short-term and leases for which the underlying asset is of low value, the Company recognises the lease payments on straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Certain lease arrangements include the options to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the lease term. ROU assets and lease liabilities includes these options when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised.

The right-of-use assets are initially recognised at cost, which comprises the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the inception date of the lease along with any initial direct costs, restoration obligations and lease incentives received.

Subsequently, the right-of-use assets is measured at cost less any accumulated depreciation, accumulated impairment losses, if any and adjusted for any remeasurement of the lease liability. The Company applies Ind AS 36 to determine whether a ROU asset is impaired and accounts for any identified impairment loss as described in the accounting policy 2.8 on "Impairment of non-financial assets".

The lease liability is initially measured at

present value of the lease payments that are not paid at that date.

The interest cost on lease liability is expensed in the Statement of Profit and Loss, unless eligible for capitalisation as per accounting policy 2.7 on "Borrowing costs".

Lease liability and ROU asset have been separately presented in the financial statements and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

ii) As a Lessor

A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease.

a) Finance leases

A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset is classified as a finance lease.

State sector Unified Load Dispatch Centre (ULDC)/ Fiber Optic Communication Assets (FOC)/Bilateral line assets leased to the beneficiaries are considered as Finance Lease. Net investment in such leased assets are recorded as receivable at the lower of the fair value of the leased property and the present value of the minimum lease payments along with accretion in subsequent years is accounted for as Lease Receivables under current and non-current other financial assets. Wherever grant-in-aid is received for construction of State Sector ULDC, lease receivable is accounted for net of such grant.

The interest element of lease is accounted in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the lease period based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment as per the tariff notified by CERC.

FERV on foreign currency loans relating to leased assets is adjusted to the amount of lease receivables and is amortised over the remaining tenure of lease. FERV recovery (as per CERC norms) from the constituents is recognised net of such amortised amount.

b) Operating leases

An operating lease is a lease other than a finance lease. Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases.

For operating leases, the asset is capitalised as property, plant and equipment and depreciated over its economic life. Rental income from operating lease is recognised over the term of the arrangement.

2.12 Employee benefits

2.12.1 Defined contribution plans

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into separate entities (Funds) and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions, if the Fund does not hold sufficient assets to pay all employee's benefits related to employee service in the current and prior periods. Obligations for contribution to defined contribution plans are recognised as an employee benefits expense in the statement of profit and loss in the period during which services are rendered by employees.

The Company has a defined contribution pension scheme which is administered through a separate trust. The obligation of the Company is to contribute to the trust to the extent of amount not exceeding 30% of basic pay and dearness allowance less employer's contribution towards provident fund, gratuity, post-retirement medical facility (PRMF) or any other retirement benefits. The contributions to the fund for the year are recognised as an expense and charged to the statement of profit and loss.

2.12.2 Defined benefit plans

A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company's liability towards gratuity, postretirement medical facility, baggage allowance for settlement at home town after retirement, long service award on retirement and provident fund scheme to the extent of interest liability on provident fund contribution are in the nature of defined benefit plans.

The gratuity is funded by the Company and is managed by separate trust. The Company has PostRetirement Medical Facility (PRMF), under which retired employee and the spouse are provided medical facilities in the Company empanelled hospitals. They can also avail treatment as outpatient subject to a ceiling fixed by the Company.

The Company pays fixed contribution to Provident Fund at predetermined rates to a separate trust, which invests the funds in permitted securities. The contributions to the fund for the year are recognised as expense and are charged to the statement of profit and loss. The obligation of the Company is limited to such fixed contributions and to ensure a minimum rate of interest on contributions to the members as specified by the Government of India (Gol).

The Company has schemes for payment of baggage allowance towards expenses for settlement at hometown for the superannuated

employees & their dependents and for providing a Long Service Award to all regular employees of the Company on superannuation.

The Company's net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated separately for each plan by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. Any unrecognised past service costs and the fair value of any plan assets are deducted. The discount rate is based on the prevailing market yields of Indian government securities as at the reporting date that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Company's obligations and that are denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid.

The calculation is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a benefit to the Company, the recognised asset is limited to the total of any unrecognised past service costs and the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan. An economic benefit is available to the Company if it is realisable during the life of the plan, or on settlement of the plan liabilities. Any actuarial gains or losses are recognised in OCI in the period in which they arise and subsequently not reclassified to profit or loss.

When the benefits of a plan are improved, the portion of the increased benefit relating to past service by employees is recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested. To the extent that the benefits vest immediately, the expense is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

2.12.3 Other long-term employee benefits

Benefits under the Company's leave encashment and employee family economic rehabilitation scheme constitute other long term employee benefits.

The Company's net obligation in respect of leave encashment is the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. The discount rate is based on the prevailing market yields of Indian government securities as at the reporting date that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Company's obligations. The calculation is performed using the projected unit credit method. Any actuarial gains or

losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which they arise.

As per 'POWERGRID Employee Family Economic Rehabilitation Scheme', which is optional, in the event of death or permanent total disability of an employee, the dependent(s) or the employee, as the case may be, is paid a fixed amount based on the last salary drawn by the employee till the notional date of superannuation of the employee upon depositing the final provident fund and gratuity amount which will be interest free.

2.12.4 Short-term benefits

Short term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided.

A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid under performance related pay if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

2.13 Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial Assets Classification

The Company classifies its financial assets in the following categories:

• at amortised cost,

• at fair value through other comprehensive income

• at fair value through profit or loss

The classification depends on the following:

• the entity's business model for managing the financial assets and

• the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset

Initial recognition and measurement

All financial assets are recognised initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs, if any, that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. However, trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component are measured at transaction price.

Subsequent measurement

Debt Instruments at Amortised cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash

flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at amortised cost is recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised or impaired. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest rate method.

Debt Instruments at Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI): Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the assets' cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from the equity to profit and loss. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest rate method.

Debt instruments at Fair value through profit or loss (FVPL): Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or FVOCI are measured at fair value through profit or loss. Interest income and net gain or loss on a debt instrument that is subsequently measured at FVPL are recognised in statement of profit and loss and presented within other income in the period in which it arises.

Equity investments

All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 'Financial Instruments' are measured at fair value. The company may, on initial recognition, make an irrevocable election to present subsequent changes in the fair value in other comprehensive income (FVOCI) on an instrument by-instrument basis.

For equity instruments classified as at FVOCI, all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends are recognised in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to Profit or Loss, even on sale of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

Derecognition of financial assets

A financial asset is derecognised only when

i) The right to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or

ii) a) The company has transferred the rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset (or) retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial assets, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to one or more recipients and

b) the company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset (or) the company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

The difference between the carrying amount and the amount of consideration received/receivable is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Impairment of financial assets:

For trade receivables and contract assets, the company applies the simplified approach required by Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from initial recognition of the receivables.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the company determines whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month Expected Credit Loss (ECL) is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12 -month ECL.

Financial Liabilities

Financial liabilities of the Company are contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity or to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the Company.

The Company's financial liabilities include loans & borrowings, trade and other payables.

Classification, initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value minus, in the case of financial liabilities not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issue of financial liabilities.

Subsequent measurement

After initial recognition, financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the effective interest rate (EIR). Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the period of the borrowings using the EIR.

Gains and losses are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss when the liabilities are derecognised.

The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Derecognition of financial liability

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss as other income or finance cost.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the Balance Sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

2.14 Investment in Subsidiaries

A subsidiary is an entity controlled by the Company. Control exists when the Company has power over the entity, is exposed, or has rights to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns by using its power over the entity.

Power is demonstrated through existing rights that give the ability to direct relevant activities, those which significantly affect the entity's returns.

Investments in subsidiaries are carried at cost less impairment, if any. The cost comprises price paid to acquire investment and directly attributable cost.

2.15 Investment in Joint Ventures and Associates

A joint venture is a type of joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the joint venture. Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.

The investment in joint ventures and associates are carried at cost less impairment, if any. The cost

comprises price paid to acquire investment and directly attributable cost.

2.16 Foreign Currency Translation

(a) Functional and presentation currency

Items included in the financial statements of the Company are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates ('the functional currency'). The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (Rupees or f), which is the Company's functional and presentation currency.

(b) Transactions and balances

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at the exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary items are translated with reference to the rates of exchange ruling on the date of the Balance Sheet. Non-Monetary items denominated in foreign currency are reported at the exchange rate ruling on the date of initial recognition of the nonmonetary prepayment asset or deferred income liability, or the date that related item is recognised in the financial statements, whichever is earlier. In case the transaction is recognised in stages, then transaction date is established for each stage.

Foreign exchange gains and losses (other than related to foreign currency loans outstanding) are presented in the statement of profit and loss on a net basis within other gains/ (losses).

The Company has availed the exemption available in Ind AS 101, to continue the policy adopted for accounting for exchange differences arising from translation of long-term foreign currency monetary liabilities outstanding as on March 31, 2016.

Foreign currency loans outstanding as on March 31, 2016:

Foreign Exchange Rate Variation (FERV) arising on settlement / translation of such foreign currency loans relating to property, plant and equipment/ capital work-in-progress is adjusted to the carrying cost of related assets and is recoverable/payable from the beneficiaries on actual payment basis as per Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) norms w.e.f. 1st April, 2004 or Date of Commercial Operation (DOCO) whichever is later. The above FERV to the extent recoverable or payable as per the CERC norms is accounted for as follows:

i) FERV recoverable/payable adjusted to carrying cost of property, plant and equipment is accounted for as 'Deferred foreign currency fluctuation asset/ liability a/c' with a corresponding credit/debit to 'Deferred income/expenditure from foreign currency fluctuation a/c'.

ii) 'Deferred income/expenditure from foreign currency fluctuation a/c' is amortised in the proportion in which depreciation is charged on such FERV.

iii) The amount recoverable/payable as per CERC norms on year to year basis is adjusted to the 'Deferred foreign currency fluctuation asset/liability a/c' with corresponding debit / credit to the trade receivables.

FERV earlier charged to Statement of Profit and Loss & included in the capital cost for the purpose of tariff is adjusted against 'Deferred foreign currency fluctuation asset/liability a/c'.

FERV arising out of settlement/translation of long term monetary items (other than foreign currency loans) relating to Property Plant & Equipment /CWIP is adjusted in the carrying cost of related assets.

FERV arising during the construction period from settlement/translation of monetary items (other than non-current loans) denominated in foreign currency to the extent recoverable/payable to the beneficiaries as capital cost as per CERC tariff Regulation are accounted as Regulatory Deferral Account Balances. Transmission charges recognised on such amount is adjusted against above account. Other exchange differences are recognised as income or expenses in the period in which they arise.

Foreign currency loans drawn on or after April 1, 2016:

Exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowing to the extent regarded as an adjustment to interest costs are treated as borrowing cost. Other exchange differences are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Exchange difference to the extent recoverable as per CERC tariff regulations are recognised as Regulatory Deferral Account Balances through Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.17 Income Tax

Income tax expense represents the sum of current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised directly in equity or other comprehensive income. In this case the tax is also recognised directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.

Current income tax

The Current Tax is based on taxable profit for the year under the tax laws enacted and applicable to the reporting period in the countries where the company operates and generates taxable income and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the company's financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit and is accounted for using the Balance Sheet method. Deferred tax assets are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits can be utilised. The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Balance Sheet date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority.

Deferred tax assets include Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws in India, which is likely to give future economic benefits in the form of availability of set off against future income tax liability. MAT is recognised as deferred tax asset in the balance sheet when the asset can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with the asset will be realised.

2.18 Regulatory Deferral Account Balances

Certain expenses and income, allowed under CERC regulations to be reimbursed by/passed on to beneficiaries in future, are to be accounted in the Statement of Profit and Loss as per the provisions of Ind AS 114 'Regulatory Deferral Accounts' and Guidance Note on "Accounting for Rate Regulated Activities" issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). Such expenses and income, to the extent recoverable /payable as part of tariff under CERC Regulations are treated as Regulatory Deferral Assets/Liabilities.

The Company presents separate line items in the Balance Sheet for:

(a) the total of all Regulatory Deferral Account Debit Balances; and

(b) the total of all Regulatory Deferral Account Credit Balances.

A separate line item is presented in the profit or loss section of the Statement of Profit and Loss for the net movement in all Regulatory Deferral Account Balances for the reporting period.

Regulatory deferral accounts balances are adjusted in the year in which the same become recoverable from or payable to the beneficiaries.

2.19 Revenue

Revenue is measured based on the transaction price to which the Company expects to be entitled in a contract with a customer and excludes amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognises revenue when it transfers control of a product or service to a customer.

Significant Financing Component

Where the period between the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer and payment by the customer exceeds one year, the Company assesses the effects of significant financing component in the contract. As a consequence, the Company makes adjustment in the transaction prices for the effects of time value of money.

2.19.1 Revenue from Operations Transmission

Transmission Income is accounted for based on tariff orders notified by the CERC. In case of transmission projects where final tariff orders are yet to be notified, transmission income is accounted for on provisional basis as per tariff regulations and orders of the CERC in similar cases. Difference, if any, is accounted on issuance of final tariff orders by the CERC. Transmission Income in respect of additional capital expenditure incurred after the date of commercial operation is accounted for based on expenditure incurred on year to year basis as per CERC tariff regulations. As at each reporting date, transmission income includes an accrual for services rendered to the customers but not yet billed.

Rebates allowed to beneficiaries as early payment incentives are deducted from the amount of revenue.

The Transmission system incentive / disincentive is accounted for based on certification of availability by the respective Regional Power Committees (RPCs) and in accordance with the CERC tariff regulations. Where certification by RPCs is not available, incentive/disincentive is accounted for on provisional basis as per estimate of availability by the company and differences, if any is accounted upon certification by RPCs.

Advance against depreciation (AAD), forming part of tariff pertaining upto the block period 200409, to facilitate repayment of loans, was reduced from transmission income and considered as deferred income to be included in transmission income in subsequent years. The outstanding deferred income in respect of AAD is recognised as transmission income, after twelve years from the end of the financial year in which the asset was commissioned, to the extent depreciation recovered in the tariff during the year is lower than depreciation charged in the accounts.

Telecom Services

Income from Telecom Services, net of downtime credit, is recognised on the basis of terms of agreements/purchase orders from the customers. Upfront fee received in advance under long term contracts providing Indefeasible Right to Use (IRU), is recognised as revenue on the basis of estimation of revenue over the period of contract.

Consultancy Services

In respect of 'Cost-plus-consultancy contracts', involving execution on behalf of the client, revenue is recognised in proportion to the stage of completion of the work performed at the reporting date, which is determined based on input method.

Income from other consultancy contracts are accounted for on technical assessment of progress of services rendered.

2.19.2Other Income

Interest income is recognised, when no significant uncertainty as to measurability or collectability exists, on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the applicable interest rate, using the effective interest rate method (EIR).

Surcharge recoverable from trade receivables, liquidated damages, warranty claims and interest on advances to suppliers are recognised when no significant uncertainty as to measurability and collectability exists.

Income from Scrap is accounted for as and when sold.

Dividend income is recognised when right to receive payment is established.

Insurance claims for loss of profit are accounted for in the year of acceptance. Other insurance claims are accounted for based on certainty of realisation.

Revenue from rentals and operating leases is recognised on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement.

2.20 Government Grants

Grants-in-aid from Central Government or other authorities towards capital expenditure for projects,

betterment of transmission systems and specific depreciable assets initially are treated as deferred income when there is a reasonable assurance that they will be received and the Company will comply with the conditions associated with the grant. Deferred Income is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the useful life of related asset in proportion to which depreciation on these assets is provided. In case of non-monetary government grants, both asset and grant are recorded at nominal value.

Grants that compensate the Company for expenses incurred are recognised over the period in which the related costs are incurred and deducted from the related expenses.

2.21 Dividends

Annual dividend distribution to the shareholders is recognised as a liability in the period in which the dividends are approved by the shareholders. Any interim dividend paid is recognised on approval by Board of Directors. Dividend payable is recognised directly in equity.

2.22 Provisions and Contingencies

a) Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted. Unwinding of the discount is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as a finance cost. Provisions are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and are adjusted to reflect the current best estimate.

b) Contingencies

Contingent liabilities are disclosed on the basis of judgment of the management / independent experts. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and are adjusted to reflect the current management estimate.

Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made. Information on contingent liability is disclosed in the Notes to the Financial Statements.

Contingent assets are possible assets that arise from

past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company. Contingent assets are disclosed in the financial statements when inflow of economic benefits is probable on the basis of judgment of management. These are assessed continually to ensure that developments are appropriately reflected in the financial statements.

2.23 Share capital and Other Equity

Ordinary shares are classified as equity.

Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.

Self-insurance reserve is created @ 0.12% p.a. on Original Gross Block of Property, Plant and Equipment (including considered as Lease receivables) and value of Inventory except ROU assets and assets covered under insurance as at the end of the year by appropriation of current year profit to mitigate future losses from un-insured risks and for taking care of contingencies in future by procurement of towers and other transmission line materials including strengthening of towers and equipment of AC substation. The Reserve created as above is shown as "Self Insurance Reserve" under 'Other Equity'.

2.24 Prior Period Items

Material prior period errors are corrected retrospectively by restating the comparative amounts for prior period presented in which the error occurred or if the error occurred before the earliest period presented, by restating the opening balance sheet.

2.25 Operating Segments

The Board of Directors is the Company's 'Chief Operating Decision Maker' or 'CODM' within the meaning of Ind AS 108 'Operating Segments'. CODM monitors the operating results of its business segments separately for the purpose of making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment. Segment performance is evaluated based on profit or loss and is measured consistently with profit or loss in the financial statements.

The operating segments have been identified on the basis of the nature of products / services.

• Segment revenue includes sales and other income directly identifiable with / allocable to the segment including inter-segment transactions.

• Expenses that are directly identifiable with / allocable to segments are considered for determining the segment result. Expenses

which relate to the Company as a whole and not allocable to segments are included under unallocable expenditure.

• Income which relates to the Company as a whole and not allocable to segments is included in unallocable income.

• Segment assets and liabilities include those directly identifiable with the respective segments. Unallocable assets and liabilities represent the assets and liabilities that relate to the Company as a whole and not allocable to any segment.

• Segment capital expenditure is the total cost incurred during the period to acquire property, plant and equipment, and intangible assets.

2.26 Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed using the net profit or loss for the year attributable to the shareholders and weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings per share is computed using the net profit or loss for the year attributable to the shareholders and weighted average number of equity and potential equity shares outstanding during the year, except where the result would be anti-dilutive.

Additionally, basic and diluted earnings per share are computed using the earnings amounts excluding the movements in Regulatory Deferral Account Balances.

2.27 Statement of Cash Flows

Statement of Cash flows is prepared as per indirect method prescribed in the Ind AS 7 'Statement of Cash Flows'.

2.28 Non-current assets (or disposal groups) held for sale and Discontinued Operation

Non-current assets and disposal groups are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. This condition is regarded as met only when the asset (or disposal group) is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sale of such assets (or disposal groups) and its sale is highly probable.

Assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell and presented separately in the Balance Sheet. An impairment loss is recognised for any initial or subsequent write-down of the asset (or disposal group) to fair

value less costs to sell. A gain is recognised for any subsequent increases in fair value less costs to sell of an asset (or disposal group), but not in excess of any cumulative impairment loss previously recognised. A gain or loss not previously recognised by the date of the sale of the non-current asset (or disposal group) is recognised at the date of derecognition.

A discontinued operation is a component of the company that comprises the operations and cash flows of which can be clearly distinguished from the rest of the Company which either has been disposed of, or classified as held for sale, and

• represents a separate major line of business or geographic area of operations;

• is part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographic area of operations; or

• is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale.

Discontinued operations are excluded from the results of continuing operations and are presented as a single amount as profit or loss after tax from discontinued operations in the statement of profit and loss.

3. Critical Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of financial statements requires the use of accounting estimates which may significantly vary from the actual results. Management also needs to exercise judgment while applying the company's accounting policies.

This note provides an overview of the areas that involved a higher degree of judgment or complexity, and of items which are more likely to be materially adjusted due to estimates and assumptions turning out to be different than those originally assessed.

The areas involving critical estimates or judgments are:

Revenue Recognition:

Transmission income is accounted for based on tariff orders notified by the CERC. In case of transmission projects where final tariff orders are yet to be notified, transmission income is accounted for as per tariff regulations and other orders of the CERC in similar cases. Differences, if any, are accounted on issuance of final tariff orders by the CERC. Transmission income in respect of additional capital expenditure incurred after the date of commercial operation is accounted for based on expenditure incurred on year to year basis as per CERC tariff regulations.

Regulatory Deferral Balances:

Recognition of Regulatory Deferral Balances involves significant judgments including about future tariff regulations since these are based on estimation of the amounts expected to be recoverable/payable through tariff in future.

Estimation of defined benefit obligation:

Estimation of defined benefit obligation involves certain significant actuarial assumptions which are listed in Note 63.

Estimates and judgments are periodically evaluated. They are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that may have a financial impact on the company and that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

Useful life of property, plant and equipment:

The estimated useful life of property, plant and equipment is based on a number of factors including the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition and other economic factors (such as the stability of the industry and known technological advances) and the level of maintenance expenditures required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset.

The Company reviews at the end of each reporting date the useful life of plant and equipment, other than the assets of transmission business which are governed by CERC Regulations, and are adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

Provisions and contingencies:

The assessments undertaken in recognising provisions and contingencies have been made in accordance with Ind AS 37 "Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets". The evaluation of the likelihood of the contingent events has required best judgment by management regarding the probability of exposure to potential loss. Should circumstances change following unforeseeable developments, this likelihood could alter.

Assets held for sale:

Significant judgment is required to apply the accounting of non-current assets held for sale under Ind AS 105 - "Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations". In assessing the applicability, management has exercised judgment to evaluate the availability of the asset for immediate sale, management's commitment for the sale and probability of sale within one year to conclude if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use.

Income Taxes:

Significant estimates are involved in determining the provision for current and deferred tax, including amount expected to be paid/recovered for uncertain tax positions.