2.2 Summary of significant accounting policies
(a) Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Indian GAAP requires the management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities, at the end of the reporting period. Although these estimates are based on the management's best knowledge of current events and actions, uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in the outcomes requiring a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities in future periods.
(b) Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The cost comprises purchase price, borrowing costs if capitalization criteria are met, directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for the intended use and initial estimate of decommissioning, restoring and similar liabilities. Any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment. When significant parts of property, plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in profit or loss as incurred.
Gains or losses arising from derecognition of property, plant and equipment are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.
The company identifies and determines cost of each component/ part of the asset separately, if the component/ part has a cost which is significant to the total cost of the asset and has useful life that is materially different from that of the remaining asset.
(a) Depreciation on property, plant and equipment
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is calculated on a written down value basis using the rates arrived at, based on the useful lives estimated by the management. The identified components are depreciated separately over their useful lives; the remaining components are depreciated over the life of the principal asset. The Company has used the rates prescribed under Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013, which interalia are based on the estimated useful life of the assets. The company has used the following rates to provide depreciation on its property, plant and equipment
Useful lives estimated by the management (years) as per Schedule II of Companies act, 2013 Office Equipment 5 years
Vehicle 8 years
Furniture and Fixture 10 years
Computer 3 years
The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
(b) Intangible assets
Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Intangible assets are assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired.
Intangible assets are amortized on a straight line basis over the useful life of the as underComputer software 5 years
Intangible assets internally generated are measured at the cost that can be directly attributed, or allocated on a resonable and consistent basis. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Intangible assets are assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired.
Intangible assets are amortized on a straight line basis over the useful life of the as underLicensing Agreement Rights 5 years
(c) Leases
Where the Company is a lessee:
Leases, where the lessor effectively retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the leased item, are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term, if the lease agreement contains a specific lock-in-period otherwise expense is recognised as per lease terms.
(d) Impairment of fixed assets
The Company assesses at each reporting date whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the company estimates the asset's recoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's or cash-generating unit's (CGU) net selling price and its value in use. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or companys of assets. Where the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining net selling price, recent market transactions are taken into account, if available. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.
Impairment losses, including impairment on inventories, are recognized in the statement of profit and loss. After impairment, depreciation is provided on the revised carrying amount of the asset over its remaining useful life.
An assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognized impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the company estimates the asset's or cash-generating unit's recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset's recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
(e) Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the company and the revenue can be reliably measured. The following specific recognition criteria must also be met before revenue is recognized:
Income from services
The company exercises judgement in determining whether the performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time or over a period of time. The company considers indicators such as how customer consumes benefits as services are rendered, transfer of significant risks and rewards to the customer, acceptance of delivery by the customer, etc.
Interest income
Revenue is recognized on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable.
(f) Retirement and other employee Benefits
Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund is a defined contribution scheme. The contributions to the provident fund are charged to the statement of profit and loss for the year when the contributions are due.
The company operates a defined benefit plans for its employees, viz., gratuity. The costs of providing benefits under this plan is determined on the basis of actuarial valuation at each year-end. Actuarial valuation is carried out for plan using the projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains and losses for defined benefit plan is recognized in full in the period in which they occur in the statement of profit and loss.
(g) Foreign currency translation
Initial recognition
Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.
Conversion
Foreign currency monetary items are retranslated using the exchange rate prevailing at the reporting date. Non-monetary items, which are measured in terms of historical cost denominated in a foreign currency, are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary items, which are measured at fair value or other similar valuation denominated in a foreign currency, are translated using the exchange rate at the date when such value was determined.
Exchange differences
The company accounts for exchange differences arising on translation/ settlement of foreign currency monetary items as income or as expenses in the period in which they arise.
(h) Income taxes
Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current income-tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the tax authorities in accordance with the Income-tax Act, 1961 enacted in India. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.
Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of timing differences between taxable income and accounting income originating during the current year and reversal of timing differences for the earlier years. Deferred tax is measured using the tax rates and the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable timing differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible timing differences only to the extent that there is reasonable certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realized. In situations where the company has unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward tax losses, all deferred tax assets are recognized only if there is virtual certainty supported by convincing evidence that they can be realized against future taxable profits.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date. The company writes-down the carrying amount of deferred tax asset to the extent that it is no longer reasonably certain or virtually certain, as the case may be, that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which deferred tax asset can be realized. Any such write-down is reversed to the extent that it becomes reasonably certain or virtually certain, as the case may be, that sufficient future taxable income will be available.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset, if a legally enforceable right exists to set-off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation
(i) Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders (after deducting preference dividends and attributable taxes (if any)) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for events such as bonus issue, bonus element in a rights issue, share split, and reverse share split (consolidation of shares) that have changed the number of equity shares outstanding, without a corresponding change in resources.
For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.
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