1. Corporate Information

Samvardhana Motherson International limited (formerly known as Motherson Sumi Systems Limited) (new SAMIL or 'the Company') (CIN: L35106MH1986PLC284510) was incorporated on December 19, 1986 and domiciled in India and is engaged primarily in the manufacture and sale of components to automotive original equipment manufacturers. The address of its registered office is Unit 705, C Wing, ONE BKC, G Block, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra East, Mumbai, Maharashtra. The Company is a public limited company and is listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange.

The standalone financial statements were authorised for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of directors on May 29, 2024.

2.1 Material accounting policies

(a) Basis of preparation

The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as amended from time to time) and presentation requirements of Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013, (Ind AS compliant Schedule III), as applicable to the financial statement.

The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value:

• Derivative financial instruments, refer note 37

• Certain financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (refer note l below for accounting policy regarding financial instruments)

• Defined benefit pension plans - plan assets measured at fair value, refer note 21

In addition, the carrying values of recognised assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in fair value hedges that would otherwise be carried at amortised cost are adjusted to record changes in the fair values attributable to the risks that are being hedged in effective hedge relationships. The financial statements are presented in INR and all values are rounded to the nearest millions (' 000,000), except when otherwise indicated.

The company has prepared the standalone financial statements on the basis that it will continue to operate as a going concern.

(b) New and amended standards adopted by the Company

The Company applied for the certain standards or amendments which are effective for annual periods beginning on or after April 1, 2023.

(i) Definition of Accounting Estimates - Amendments to Ind AS 8

The amendments clarify the distinction between changes in accounting estimates and changes in accounting policies and the correction of errors. It has also been clarified how entities use measurement techniques and inputs to develop accounting estimates. These amendments had no impact on the financial statements of the Company.

(ii) Disclosure of Accounting Policies - Amendments to Ind AS 1

The amendments aim to help entities provide accounting policy disclosures that are more useful by replacing the requirement for entities to disclose their 'significant' accounting policies with a requirement to disclose their 'material' accounting policies and adding guidance on how entities apply the concept of materiality in making decisions about

accounting policy disclosures. The amendments have had an impact on the Company's disclosures of accounting policies, but not on the measurement, recognition or presentation of any items in the Company's financial statements.

(iii) Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction - Amendments to Ind AS 12

The amendments narrow the scope of the initial recognition exception under Ind AS 12, so that it no longer applies to transactions that give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences such as leases. The Company previously recognised for deferred tax on leases on a net basis. As a result of these amendments, the Company has recognised a separate deferred tax asset in relation to its lease liabilities and a deferred tax liability in relation to its rightof-use assets. Since, these balances qualify for offset as per the requirements of paragraph 74 of Ind AS 12, there is no impact in the balance sheet. There was also no impact on the opening retained earnings as at 1 April 2023.

(c) Foreign currencies

(i) Functional and presentation currency

The Company's functional currency is Indian Rupee (?) and the financial statements are presented in Indian Rupee (?).

(ii) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognised in profit or loss. They are deferred in other comprehensive income if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges.

Foreign exchange differences on foreign currency borrowings are presented in the Statement of profit and loss, within finance costs. All other foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the Statement of profit and loss on a net basis within other operating revenue or other expenses.

Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. Translation differences on assets and liabilities carried at fair value are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss.

(d) Revenue from contracts with customers

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company has generally concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, except for the agency services below, because it typically controls the goods or services before transferring them to the customer.

Revenue from sale of components

Revenue from sale of components is recognised at the point in time when control of the asset is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the components.

The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated. In determining the transaction price for the sale of components, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, non-cash consideration, and consideration payable to the customer (if any) including price variation\s.

Variable consideration

If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods to the customer. The variable consideration is estimated at contract

inception and constrained until it is highly probable that a significant revenue reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the associated uncertainty with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

Volume rebates

The Company applies the most likely amount method or the expected value method to estimate the variable consideration in the contract. The selected method that best predicts the amount of variable consideration is primarily driven by the number of volume thresholds contained in the contract. The most likely amount is used for those contracts with a single volume threshold, while the expected value method is used for those with more than one volume threshold. The Company then applies the requirements on constraining estimates in order to determine the amount of variable consideration that can be included in the transaction price and recognised as revenue. A refund liability is recognised for the expected future rebates (i.e., the amount not included in the transaction price).

Warranty obligations

The Company typically provides warranties for general repairs of defects that existed at the time of sale, as required by law. These assurance-type warranties are accounted for under Ind AS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.

Revenue from assembly of components

The Company has contracts with customers to assemble, on their behalf, customised components from various parts procured from suppliers identified by the customer. The Company is acting as an agent in these arrangements.

When another party is involved in providing goods or services to its customer, the Company determines whether it is a principal or an agent in these transactions by evaluating the nature of its promise to the customer. The Company is a principal and records revenue on a gross basis if it controls the promised goods or services before transferring them to the customer. However, if the Company's role is only to arrange for another entity to provide the goods or services, then the Company is an agent and will need to record revenue at the net amount that it retains for its agency services.

Revenue from development of tools

The Company develops customised tooling for its customers and recognises its revenue over time using an input method to measure progress towards complete satisfaction of the tool development.

The Company recognises revenue from development of tools over time if it can reasonably measure its progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation.

Where the Company cannot reasonably measure the outcome of a performance obligation, but the Company expects to recover the costs incurred in satisfying the performance obligation. In those circumstances, the Company recognises revenue only to the extent of the costs incurred until such time that it can reasonably measure the outcome of the performance obligation

Revenue on time-and-material and unit of work-based contracts, are recognized as the related services are performed. Fixed-price maintenance revenue is recognized rateably either on a straight-line basis when services are performed through an indefinite number of repetitive acts over a specified period or rateably using a percentage-of completion method when the pattern of benefits from the services rendered to the customer and The Company costs to fulfil the contract are not uniform throughout the period of contract as the services are generally discrete in nature, not repetitive. Revenue from other fixed-price, fixed-timeframe contracts, where the performance obligations are satisfied over time is recognized using the percentage-of-completion method.

The revenue from the last invoicing to the report date is recognised as unbilled revenue. Efforts or costs expended are used to determine progress towards completion as there is a direct relationship between input and productivity. Progress towards completion is measured as the ratio of costs or efforts incurred to date (representing work performed) to the estimated total costs or efforts. Estimates of transaction price and total costs or efforts are continuously monitored over the term of the contracts and are recognized in net profit in the period when these estimates change or when the estimates are revised. Revenues and the estimated total costs or efforts are subject to revision as the contract progresses. Provisions for estimated losses, if any, on uncompleted contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable based on the estimated efforts or costs to complete the contract.

Rental Income

Rental income arising from investment properties given on leases is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms unless the receipts are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the lessor's expected inflationary cost increases and is included in other income in the statement of profit and loss.

Government grants

Grants from the government are recognised at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and the Company will comply with all attached conditions.

Government grants relating to income are deferred and recognised in the profit or loss over the period necessary to match them with the costs that they are intended to compensate and presented within other income.

Government grants relating to the purchase of property, plant and equipment are included in non-current liabilities as deferred income and are credited to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the expected lives of the related assets and presented within other income.

When government grants relating to loans or similar assistance are provided by governments or related institutions, with an interest rate below the current applicable market rate, the effect of this favourable interest is regarded as a government grant. The loan or assistance is initially recognised and measured at fair value and the government grant is measured as the difference between the initial carrying value of the loan and the proceeds received. The loan is subsequently measured as per the accounting policy applicable to financial liabilities.

Judgments applied in determining amount and timing of revenue

The Company applied the following judgements that significantly affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers:

(i) Determining the timing of satisfaction of tooling development

The Company concluded that revenue for development of tooling is to be recognised over time because the Company's performance does not create asset with an alternative use to the Company since the tools are customised for each customer and the Company has a legally enforceable right to payment of fair value for performance completed to date.

The Company determined that the input method is the best method in measuring progress of the tooling development because there is a direct relationship between the Company's effort (i.e., costs incurred) and the transfer of tooling to the customer. The Company recognises revenue on the basis of the total costs incurred relative to the total expected costs to complete the tool.

(ii) Principal versus agent considerations

The Company enters into contracts with its customers to assemble, on their behalf, customised components using various parts procured from suppliers identified by the customer. Under these contracts, the Company provides assembly services (i.e., coordinating the procurement of various parts from the identified suppliers and combining or assembling them into components as desired by the customer). The Company determined that it does not control the goods before they are transferred to customers, and it does not have the ability to direct the use of the component or obtain benefits from the component. The following factors indicate that the Company does not control the goods before they are being transferred to customers. Therefore, the Company determined that it is an agent in these contracts.

• The Company is not primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified equipment.

• The Company does not have inventory risk before or after the specified component has been transferred to the customer as it purchases various parts on just-in-time basis and only upon contract of the customer.

• The Company has no discretion in establishing the price for the specified component. The Company's consideration in these contracts is only based on the difference between the maximum purchase price quoted by the customer and the cost of various parts purchased from the suppliers.

• In addition, the Company concluded that it transfers control over its services (i.e., assembling the component from various parts), at a point in time, upon receipt by the customer of the component, because this is when the customer benefits from the Company's agency service.

(iii) Consideration of significant financing component in a contract

The Company develops customised tooling and secondary equipment's for which the manufacturing lead time after signing the contract is usually more than one year. This type of contract includes two payment options for the customer, i.e., payment of the transaction price equal to the cash selling price upon delivery of the tooling or payment of the transaction price as part of the component's selling price. The Company concluded that there is a significant financing component for those contracts where the customer elects to pay along with the component's selling price considering the length of time between the transfer of tooling and secondary equipment and the recovery of transaction price from the customer, as well as the prevailing interest rates in the market, if any.

In determining the interest to be applied to the amount of consideration, the Company concluded that the interest rate implicit in the contract (i.e., the interest rate that discounts the cash selling price of the equipment to the amount paid in advance) is appropriate because this is commensurate with the rate that would be reflected in a separate financing transaction between the entity and its customer at contract inception.

Consultancy Income

Fees earned for the provision of services are recognised over time or point in time as per contract with the customer. In case of contracts where the customer receives and consumes the benefits simultaneously, as the services are rendered, the revenue is recognised over the term of the contract.

In cases where the customer receives and consume the services at single point in time, revenue is recognised as and when the performance obligation is satisfied.

Fee and Commission Income

Fees earned for the provision of guarantees are recognised over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits, as the services are rendered. The revenue for such contracts is recognised over the term of the guarantee contract.

Trade Receivables

Trade receivables are amounts due from customers for goods sold or services performed in the ordinary course of business. They are generally due for settlement within one year and therefore are all classified as current. Where the settlement is due after one year, they are classified as non-current. Trade receivables are recognised initially at the amount of consideration that is unconditional unless they contain significant financing components, when they are recognised at fair value. The Company holds the trade receivables with the objective to collect the contractual cash flows and therefore measures them subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Trade receivables are disclosed in Note 45.

Contract Assets

A contract asset is the entity's right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the entity has transferred to the customer. A contract asset is recognised where receipt of consideration is conditional on successful completion of another performance obligation. The impairment of contract assets is measured, presented and disclosed on the same basis as trade receivables. The Company's contract assets are disclosed in Note 45 as unbilled revenue.

Contract Liabilities

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company performs under the contract. Contract Liabilities are disclosed in Note 45 as Advances received from customers.

Impairment

An impairment is recognised to the extent that the carrying amount of receivable or asset relating to contracts with customers (a) the remaining amount of consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for the goods or services to which such asset relates; less (b) the costs that relate directly to providing those goods or services and that have not been recognised as expenses.

(e) Other income Interest

Interest is recognised using the effective interest rate (EIR) method, as income for the period in which it occurs. EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortised cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) but does not consider the expected credit losses.

Dividend

Dividend income is recognised when the right to receive payment is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.

Duty drawback and export incentives

Income from duty drawback and export incentives is recognized on an accrual basis.

(f) Income tax

The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period's taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period in India. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.

Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the standalone financial statements. Deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit nor loss. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilise those temporary differences and losses.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Current and deferred tax is recognised in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

(g) Leases

The Company assesses at contract inception whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange of consideration is considered as lease.

The Company as a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

Right-of-use assets

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets.

The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in section (i) Impairment of nonfinancial assets.

Lease liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate.

Lease liabilities, which separately shown in the financial statement are measured initially at the present value of the lease payments. Subsequent measurement of a lease liability includes the increase of the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability and reducing (while affecting other comprehensive income) the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments.

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company as a Lessor

Lease income from operating leases where the Company is a lessor is recognised in income on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless the receipts are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate the lessor for the expected inflationary cost increases. The respective leased assets are included in the balance sheet based on their respective nature.

(h) Impairment of non-financial assets

The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset's recoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's or cash-generating unit's (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company's CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations generally cover a period of five years. For longer periods, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the fifth year. To estimate cash flow projections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets/forecasts, the Company extrapolates cash flow projections in the budget using a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent years, unless an increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term average growth rate for the products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for the market in which the asset is used. Impairment losses including impairment on inventories, are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

For assets including goodwill, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognised impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset's or CGU's recoverable amount. A previously recognised impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset's recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment annually at the end of the financial year at the CGU level, as appropriate, and when circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired.

(i) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalent includes cash on hand, cash at banks and short term deposits with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities in the balance sheet.

0) Inventories

Raw materials, stores and spares, work in progress, stock in trade and finished goods are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

Cost of raw material and traded goods comprise cost of purchase and is determined after rebate and discounts. Cost of work in progress and finished goods comprises direct materials, direct labour and an appropriate proportion of variable and fixed overhead expenditure, the latter being allocated on the basis of normal operating capacity.

Cost of inventories also includes all other cost incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Costs are determined on weighted average cost basis.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

(k) Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets are classified, at initial recognition and subsequently measured at amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (OCI), and fair value through profit or loss.

With the exception of trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component or for which the Company has applied the practical expedient, the Company initially measures financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs. Trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component or for which the Company has applied the practical expedient are measured at the transaction price determined under Ind AS 115. Refer to the accounting policies in section (d) Revenue from contracts with customers.

In order for a financial asset to be classified and measured at amortised cost or fair value through OCI, it needs to give rise to cash flows that are 'solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI)' on the principal amount outstanding. This assessment is referred to as the SPPI test and is performed at an instrument level.

Purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place (regular way trades) are recognised on the trade date, i.e., the date that the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset.

Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:

• Debt instruments at amortised cost

• Debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

• Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

• Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

Debt instruments at amortised cost

This category is the most relevant to the Company. A 'debt instrument' is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:

a. The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and

b. Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the profit or loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the profit or loss. This category generally applies to trade and other receivables.

Debt instrument at FVTOCI

A 'debt instrument' is classified as at the FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:

a. The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets, and

b. The asset's contractual cash flows represent SPPI.

Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in the other comprehensive income (OCI). However, the Company recognizes interest income, impairment losses & reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the statement of profit and loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from the equity to statement of profit and loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income in statement of profit and loss using the EIR method.

Debt instrument at FVTPL

FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.

In addition, the Company may elect to designate a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortized cost or FVTOCI criteria, as at FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as 'accounting mismatch'). The Company has not designated any debt instrument as at FVTPL.

Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Equity investments

All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading and contingent consideration recognised by an acquirer in a business combination to which Ind AS103 applies are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company may make an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable. The Company elected to classify irrevocably its non-listed equity investments under this category.

If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to P&L, even on sale of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the P&L. Derecognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised (i.e. removed from the Company's balance sheet) when:

• The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or

• The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a 'pass-through' arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of the Company's continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognises an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

Impairment of financial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:

a. Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortised cost e.g., loans, debt securities, deposits, trade receivables and bank balance

b. Financial assets that are debt instruments and are measured as at FVTOCI

c. Lease receivables under Ind AS 116

d. Trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 115

e. Loan commitments which are not measured as at FVTPL

f. Financial guarantee contracts which are not measured as at FVTPL

The Company follows 'simplified approach' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on:

• Trade receivables or contract revenue receivables; and

• All lease receivables resulting from transactions within the scope of Ind AS 116

The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12-month ECL.

Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e., all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR.

ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income/ expense in the statement of profit and loss (P&L). This amount is reflected under the head 'other expenses' in the P&L. The balance sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:

• Financial assets measured as at amortised cost, contractual revenue receivables and lease receivables: ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e., as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount. Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.

• Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts: ECL is presented as a provision in the balance sheet, i.e. as a liability. Debt instruments measured at FVTOCI: For debt instruments measured at FVOCI, the expected credit losses do not reduce the carrying amount in the balance sheet, which remains at fair value. Instead, an amount equal to the allowance that would arise if the asset was measured at amortised cost is recognised in other comprehensive income as the 'accumulated impairment amount"

The Company does not have any purchased or originated credit-impaired (POCI) financial assets, i.e., financial assets which are credit impaired on purchase/ origination.

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.

All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

The Company's financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the Company that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by Ind AS 109. Separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments.

Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognised in the profit or loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in OCI. These gains/ loss are not subsequently transferred to P&L. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognised in the statement of profit or loss. The Company has not designated any financial liability as at fair value through profit and loss.

Loans and borrowings

This is the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.

Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.

This category generally applies to borrowings and other payables.

Financial guarantee contracts

Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company are those contracts that require a payment to be made to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because the specified debtor fails to make a payment when due in accordance with the terms

of a debt instrument. Financial guarantee contracts are recognised initially as a liability at fair value, adjusted for transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantee. Subsequently, the liability is measured at the higher of the amount of loss allowance determined as per impairment requirements of Ind AS 109 and the amount recognised less cumulative amortisation.

Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Embedded derivatives

An embedded derivative is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument that also includes a non-derivative host contract - with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative. An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contract to be modified according to a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index, or other variable, provided in the case of a non-financial variable that the variable is not specific to a party to the contract. Reassessment only occurs if there is either a change in the terms of the contract that significantly modifies the cash flows that would otherwise be required or a reclassification of a financial asset out of the fair value through profit or loss.

If the hybrid contract contains a host that is a financial asset within the scope of Ind AS 109, the Company does not separate embedded derivatives. Rather, it applies the classification requirements contained in Ind AS 109 to the entire hybrid contract. Derivatives embedded in all other host contracts are accounted for as separate derivatives and recorded at fair value if their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the host contracts and the host contracts are not held for trading or designated at fair value though profit or loss. These embedded derivatives are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in statement of profit and loss, unless designated as effective hedging instruments.

Reclassification of financial assets

The Company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial liabilities. For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change in the business model for managing those assets. Changes to the business model are expected to be infrequent. The Company's senior management determines change in the business model as a result of external or internal changes which are significant to the Company's operations. Such changes are evident to external parties. A change in the business model occurs when the Company either begins or ceases to perform an activity that is significant to its operations. If the Company reclassifies financial assets, it applies the reclassification prospectively from the reclassification date which is the first day of the immediately next reporting period following the change in business model. The Company does not restate any previously recognised gains, losses (including impairment gains or losses) or interest.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

(l) Fair value measurement

The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

• In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

• In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

• Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

• Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

• Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

The Company determines the policies and procedures for both recurring fair value measurement, such as derivative instruments and unquoted financial assets measured at fair value, and for non-recurring measurement, such as assets held for distribution in discontinued operations.

External valuers are involved for valuation of significant assets and liabilities, if any. At each reporting date, the Company analyses the movements in the values of assets and liabilities which are required to be remeasured or re-assessed as per the Company's accounting policies.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

This note summarises accounting policy for fair value. Other fair value related disclosures are given in the relevant notes.

• Disclosures for valuation methods, significant estimates and assumptions (note 2.2, 36 and 37)

• Quantitative disclosures of fair value measurement hierarchy (note 36)

• Investment properties (note 4)

• Financial instruments (including those carried at amortised cost) (note 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17, 18, 19, 36 and 37)

(m) Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting Initial recognition and subsequent measurement

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, interest rate swaps and forward commodity contracts, to hedge its foreign currency risks, interest rate risks and commodity price risks, respectively. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.

The purchase contracts that meet the definition of a derivative under Ind AS 109 are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Commodity contracts that are entered into and continue to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of a nonfinancial item in accordance with the Company's expected purchase, sale or usage requirements are held at cost.

Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to profit or loss, except for the effective portion of cash flow hedges, which is recognised in OCI and later reclassified to statement of profit and loss when the hedge item affects profit and loss or treated as basis adjustment if a hedged forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability.

For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified as:

• Fair value hedges when hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognised asset or liability or an unrecognised firm commitment

• Cash flow hedges when hedging the exposure to variability in cash flows that is either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognised asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction or the foreign currency risk in an unrecognised firm commitment

At inception of the hedge relationship, the Company documents the economic relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items including whether changes in the cash flows of the hedging instruments are expected to offset changes in the cash flows of hedged items. The Company documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking its hedge transactions.

Hedges that meet the strict criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for, as described below:

(i) Fair value hedges

The change in the fair value of a hedging instrument is recognised in the statement of profit and loss as finance costs. The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk hedged is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged item and is also recognised in the statement of profit and loss as finance costs.

For fair value hedges relating to items carried at amortised cost, any adjustment to carrying value is amortised through profit or loss over the remaining term of the hedge using the EIR method. EIR amortisation may begin as soon as an adjustment exists and no later than when the hedged item ceases to be adjusted for changes in its fair value attributable to the risk being hedged.

If the hedged item is derecognised, the unamortised fair value is recognised immediately in profit or loss. When an unrecognised firm commitment is designated as a hedged item, the subsequent cumulative change in the fair value of the firm commitment attributable to the hedged risk is recognised as an asset or liability with a corresponding gain or loss recognised in profit and loss.

The Company has an interest rate swap that is used as a hedge for the exposure of changes in the fair value. See Note 37 for more details.

(ii) Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised in OCI in the cash flow hedge reserve, while any ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

The Company uses forward currency contracts as hedges of its exposure to foreign currency risk in forecast transactions and firm commitments, as well as forward commodity contracts for its exposure to volatility in the commodity prices. The ineffective portion relating to foreign currency contracts is recognised in finance costs and the ineffective portion relating to commodity contracts is recognised in other income or expenses.

Amounts recognised as OCI are transferred to profit or loss when the hedged transaction affects profit or loss, such as when the hedged financial income or financial expense is recognised or when a forecast sale occurs. When the hedged item is the cost of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the amounts recognised as OCI are transferred to the initial carrying amount of the non-financial asset or liability.

If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised without replacement or rollover (as part of the hedging strategy), or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, or when the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI remains separately in equity until the forecast transaction occurs or the foreign currency firm commitment is met.

(n) Property, Plant and equipment

Property, Plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Capital work in progress are stated at cost, net of accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items and the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in profit or loss as incurred.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognised.

The cost of self-generated assets comprises of raw material, components, direct labour, other direct cost and related production overheads.

Depreciation methods and useful lives

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of the assets:

been determined based on technical evaluation by the management. The management believes that these estimated useful lives are realistic and reflect fair approximation of the period over which the assets are likely to be used.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognised.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

(o) Intangible asset under development

The Company capitalises intangible asset under development for a project in accordance with the accounting policy. Initial capitalisation of costs is based on management's judgement that technological and economic feasibility is confirmed, usually when an asset development reaches a defined milestone according to an established management model.

(p) Investment properties

Investment properties are measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss, if any.

The cost includes the cost of replacing parts and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of the investment properties are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in profit or loss as incurred.

The Company depreciates building component of investment properties over 30 years.

Though the Company measures investment properties using cost based measurement, the fair value of investment properties is disclosed in note 4 to the financial statement.

Investment properties are derecognised either when they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. The difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognised in profit or loss in the period of derecognition.

(q) Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

The useful live of intangible assets are as follows:

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortised over the useful economic life on straight line basis and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes

in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortisation period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognised in the statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.

Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the statement of profit or loss when the asset is derecognised.

Research and development costs

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditures on an individual project are recognised as an intangible asset when the Company can demonstrate:

• The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale

• Its intention to complete and its ability and intention to use or sell the asset

• How the asset will generate future economic benefits

• The availability of resources to complete the asset

• The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development

Cost incurred by the Company for Research and Development do not meet the recognition criteria and hence have been classified as research costs and are expensed of in the statement of profit and loss as and when these are incurred.

The amortisation methods, the usual useful lives and the residual values of intangible assets are checked annually.

(r) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.

(s) Provisions and contingent liabilities Provisions

Provisions for legal claims, product warranties and other obligations are recognised when the Company has a present (legal or constructive) obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated. Provisions are not recognised for future operating losses.

Where there are a number of similar obligations, the likelihood that an outflow will be required in settlement is determined by considering the class of obligations as a whole. A provision is recognised even if the likelihood of an outflow with respect to any one item included in the same class of obligations may be small.

When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement.

If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as a finance cost.

Provision for onerous contracts

An onerous contract is a contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The Company at the end of every reporting period conducts the onerous contract test per the provisions of Ind AS 37 by comparing the remaining costs to be incurred under the contract with the related revenue of the contract. Where the costs of a contract exceed the related revenue of the contract, the Company makes a provision for the difference.

Warranty provisions

In cases where the obligations include warranty liabilities, the Company provides warranties for general repairs of defects that existed at the time of sale, as required by law. Provisions related to these assurance-type warranties are recognised when the product is sold or the service is provided to the customer. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of warranty-related costs is revised annually.

Contingent Liabilities

Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.

(t) Employee benefits

Short-term obligations

Liabilities for wages and salaries, including non-monetary benefits that are expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service are recognised in respect of employees' services up to the end of the reporting period and are measured at the amounts expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled. The liabilities are presented as current employee benefit obligations in the balance sheet.

Provident Fund & Employee State Insurance

Contribution towards provident fund and employee state insurance for employees is made to the regulatory authorities, where the Company has no further obligations. Such benefits are classified as Defined Contribution Schemes as the Company does not carry any further obligations, apart from the contributions made on a monthly basis.

Superannuation fund

The Company has a superannuation plan for the benefit of its employees. Employees who are members of the defined benefit superannuation plan are entitled to benefits depending on the years of service and salary drawn. The Company contributes up to 12% of the eligible employees' salary or 100,000 / 150,000, whichever is lower, every year. Such contributions are recognised as an expense as and when incurred. The Company does not have any further obligations beyond this contribution.

Gratuity

The Company provides for gratuity, a defined benefit plan (the "Gratuity Plan") covering eligible employees in accordance with the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972. The Gratuity Plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment, of an amount based on the respective employee's salary and the tenure of employment. The gratuity plan in Company is funded through annual contributions to Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) under its Company's Gratuity Scheme whereas others are not funded.

The liability or asset recognised in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit gratuity plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets. The Company's liability is actuarially determined (using the Projected Unit Credit method) at the end of each year. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using interest rates of government bonds. Re-measurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are charged or credited to equity through other comprehensive income in the period in which they arise. They are included in retained earnings through OCI in the statement of changes in equity and in the balance sheet. Past-service costs are recognised immediately in statement of profit and loss.

Compensated Absences

Accumulated compensated absences, which are expected to be availed or encashed within 12 months from the end of the year end are treated as short term employee benefits. The obligation towards the same is measured at the expected cost of accumulating compensated absences as the additional amount expected to be paid as a result of the unused entitlement as at the year end.

Accumulated compensated absences, which are expected to be availed or encashed beyond 12 months from the end of the year end are treated as other long term employee benefits. The Company's liability is actuarially determined (using the Projected Unit Credit method) at the end of each year. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using interest rates of government bonds. Re-measurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in statement of profit or loss in the period in which they arise. Past-service costs are recognised immediately in statement of profit and loss.

(u) Dividends

Provision is made for the amount of any dividend declared, being appropriately authorised and no longer at the discretion of the entity, on or before the end of the reporting period but not distributed at the end of the reporting period.

(v) Earnings per share

(i) Basic earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net profit or loss attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Partly paid equity shares are treated as a fraction of an equity share to the extent that they are entitled to participate in dividends relative to a fully paid equity share during the reporting period.

The weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for events such as bonus issue that have changed the number of equity shares outstanding, without a corresponding change in resources.

(ii) Diluted earnings per share

Diluted earnings per share adjusts the figures used in the determination of basic earnings per share to take into account:

- the after income tax effect of interest and other financing costs associated with dilutive potential equity shares, and

- The weighted average number of additional ordinary shares that would have been outstanding assuming the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.

2.2 Significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, the accompanying disclosures, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities affected in future periods.

Judgements

In the process of applying the Company's accounting policies, management has made the following judgements, which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the consolidated financial statements.

In the process of applying the Company's accounting policies, management has made the following judgements, which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the consolidated financial statements.

(i) Determining the lease term of contracts with renewal and termination options - Company as lessee

The Company determines the lease term as the non-cancellable term of the lease, together with any periods covered by an option to extend the lease if it is reasonably certain to be exercised, or any periods covered by an option to terminate the lease, if it is reasonably certain not to be exercised.

The Company has several lease contracts that include extension and termination options. The Company applies judgement in evaluating whether it is reasonably certain whether or not to exercise the option to renew or terminate the lease.

(ii) Revenue from contracts with customers

The Company applies the judgements in respect to transactions relating to tooling development, Principal versus agent consideration that significant financing component in a contract that significantly affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers. For more details, refer note 2.1 (d)

Estimates and assumptions

The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the reporting date that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are described below. The Company based its assumptions and estimates on parameters available when the financial statements were prepared. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market change or circumstances arising beyond the control of the Company. Such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur.

(i) Useful life of property, plant and equipment, intangible and investment properties

The Company uses its technical expertise along with historical and industry trends for determining the economic useful life of an asset/component of an asset. The useful lives are reviewed by management periodically and revised, if appropriate. In case of a revision, the unamortised amount is charged over the remaining useful life of the assets.

(ii) Defined benefit plans

The cost of the defined benefit gratuity plan and other post-employment defined benefits are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date. Further details about gratuity obligations are given in Note 21.

(iii) Fair valuation of unlisted securities

When the fair value of unlisted securities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques including the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values. Judgements include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments. Refer Note 36 of the financials.

(iv) Taxes

Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation of complex tax regulations, changes in tax laws, and the amount and timing of future taxable income. Given the nature of business differences arising between the actual results and the assumptions made, or future changes to such assumptions, could necessitate future adjustments to tax income and expense already recorded. The Company establishes provisions, based on reasonable estimates. The amount of such provisions is based on various factors, such as experience of previous tax audits and differing interpretations of tax regulations by the taxable entity and the responsible tax authority. Such differences of interpretation may arise on a wide variety of issues depending on the conditions prevailing in the respective domicile of the companies.

Valuation of recoverable income tax assets especially with respect to deferred tax assets on tax loss carry forwards. The Company is subject to income taxes in numerous jurisdictions. Significant judgement is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes. The Company recognises liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on estimates of whether additional taxes will be due. Where the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will impact the current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities in the period in which such determination is made.

(v) Percentage completion of recognition of revenue

The Company uses the percentage-of-completion method in accounting for 'development of tools' contracts. Use of the percentage-of-completion method requires the Company to estimate the services performed to date as a proportion of the total services to be performed.

Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated. They are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that may have a financial impact on the Company and that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

(vi) Provisions and liabilities

The Company estimates the provisions and liabilities and to the probability of expenses arising from warranty claims and claims from legal disputes that have present obligations as a result of past events and it is probable that outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligations. These provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting date and are adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.