Corporate information

Siemens Limited ("the Company") is a public company domiciled in India with its registered office at Birla Aurora, Level 21, Plot No. 1080, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli Mumbai - 400 030. The Company is listed on National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) and BSE Limited (BSE).

The Company offers products, integrated solutions for industrial applications for manufacturing industries, drives for process industries, intelligent infrastructure and buildings, efficient and clean power generation from fossil fuels and oil and gas applications, transmission and distribution of electrical energy and for passenger and freight transportation, including rail vehicles, rail automation and rail electrification systems.

1. Material accounting policies

1.1 Basis of preparation of financial statements

The standalone financial statements of the Company (hereinafter referred to as 'financial statements') for the year ended 30 September 2024 have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (the 'Act') read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, and other relevant provisions of the Act.

The financial statements have been prepared and presented under the historical cost convention, except for derivative instruments, defined benefit plans, employee share based payments and certain other financial assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value (refer accounting policy regarding financial instruments).

The financial statements are presented in ', which is the functional currency and all values are rounded to the nearest million (' 1,000,000), except when otherwise indicated.

1.2 Current versus non-current classification

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company's operating cycle. Based on the nature of business and the time between acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

1.3 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost of acquisition less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. The cost includes taxes, duties, freight and other incidental expenses related to the acquisition and installation of the respective assets. Subsequent expenditure related to an item of property, plant and equipment is added to its book value only if it increases the future economic benefits from the existing assets beyond its previously assessed standard of performance.

Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is provided on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of assets estimated by the management, taking into account the nature of the asset on technical evaluation of the useful life, which may not necessarily be in alignment with the indicative useful lives prescribed by Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.

If significant parts of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, then they are accounted as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.

Items of property, plant and equipment that have been retired from active use and are held for disposal are stated at the lower of their carrying value and estimated net realizable value and are disclosed separately in the financial statements. Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Capital work-in-progress includes the cost of property, plant and equipment that are not ready for intended use at the balance sheet date.

Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each balance sheet date is classified as capital advances under "Other non-current assets".

1.4 Intangible assets and Goodwill

Intangible assets comprise of software, technical know-how, customer contracts and customer relationships. Intangible assets are stated at cost of acquisition less accumulated amortisation and impairment losses, if any. These intangible assets are amortised on straight-line basis based on the following useful lives, which in management's estimate represents the period during which economic benefits will be derived from their use :

Goodwill and intangible assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortisation and are tested annually for impairment, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired.

Research and Development

Research and development expenditure that do not meet the criteria for capitalization are recognized as an expense as incurred. Development costs previously recognized as an expense are not recognized as an asset in a subsequent period. refer note 6 for further details.

1.5 Investment properties

Investments in land or buildings (including property under construction) which are held to earn rentals and/or for capital appreciation are classified as investment properties. Investment properties are initially measured at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

The cost comprises purchase price and directly attributable cost of bringing the investment property to its working condition capable for the intended use.

Depreciation on investment property is provided on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of assets estimated by the management. Such classes of investment properties and their estimated useful lives are as under :

Investment properties are derecognised either when they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from their disposal. On disposal of an investment property, the difference between its carrying amount and net disposal proceeds is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

1.6 Revenue recognition

Revenue at point in time

Revenue from sale of products is recognised when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which is usually on dispatch or delivery of goods to the customer and there are no unfulfilled obligations that could affect the customer's acceptance of the goods, at an amount (transaction price) that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods.

Revenue from services includes sale of spares in relation to the customer service business of the Company. Revenue from spares including certain services such as retrofit services, is recognized on satisfaction of performance obligation to the customer at a point in time and is measured based on the consideration specified in a contract with the customer. Revenue over time

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized over the period of time if any of the below mentioned criteria is met :

1. The Customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as the Company performs. The same includes plant operations and maintenance, customer services, etc.

2. The Company's performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced

3. The Company's performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the Company and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.

When the outcome of a project contract can be estimated reliably, revenue from projects is recognized using input method based on the percentage of costs incurred to date compared to the total estimated contract costs. The Company uses input method because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which occurs as it incurs costs on contracts. Further, revenue from services such as annual maintenance contracts, integrated plant operations and upgradation services are recognized over time using straight line or input method, which best depicts the transfer of control to the customer, as applicable.

Transaction Price for projects is the amount which entity expects to receive from customer in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company includes certain variable considerations as part of transaction price such as price escalations, performance related incentives and penalties including liquidated damages. The amount of variable consideration is estimated considering the expected value method or most likely amount method as appropriate in a given circumstance to the extent it is highly probable that the significant reversal of revenue will not occur.

1.6 Revenue recognition (Continued)

An expected loss on the project contract is recognised as an expense immediately. Contract revenue earned in excess of billing has been reflected as "Contract assets" and billing in excess of contract revenue has been reflected under "Contract liabilities" in the balance sheet. Contract assets and liabilities are netted off at contract level. The amount of retention money held by the customers pending completion of performance is disclosed as part of contract asset and is reclassified as trade receivables when it has unconditional right to consideration. A right to consideration is unconditional if only the passage of time is required before payment of that consideration is due.

Multiple performance obligations

If a contract contains more than one distinct product or service, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on relative standalone selling prices. If standalone selling prices are not observable, the Company reasonably estimates those. Revenue is recognized for each performance obligation either at a point in time or over time, as appropriate. In the Company's case, typically such multiple performance obligations include supply of products, projects and services.

Refund Liabilities

Refund liabilities are the obligation to refund part or all of the consideration received (or receivable) from the customer. The liability is measured at the amount the Company ultimately expects it will have to return to the customer. The Company updates its estimate of refund liabilities (and the corresponding change in the transaction price) at the end of each reporting period.

Refund liabilities include :

a. Trade and Quantity discounts which are based on the terms and conditions agreed with the customer.

b. Liquidated damages which are provided based on contractual terms when the delivery / commissioning dates of an individual project have exceeded or are likely to exceed the delivery/ commissioning dates as per the respective contracts.

Revenue are stated exclusive of Goods and Services Tax and net of consideration payable to customers including refund liabilities.

For the significant judgements used in determining revenue, refer Judgements in note 2(a).

Commission Income

Commission income is recognised as and when the terms of the contract are fulfilled along with the proof of shipment being received from the supplier.

Export Incentives

Export incentives are recognized, when the right to receive the credit is established on export of goods in accordance with the underlying scheme and there is no significant uncertainty regarding the realisability of the incentive.

1.7 Interest income

Interest income on financial assets at amortised cost is recognised on time proportion basis using the effective interest rate method, based on the underlying interest rates.

1.8 Dividend income

Dividends are recognised when the right to receive payment is established. This is applied even if they are paid out of pre-acquisition profits unless the dividend clearly represents a recovery of cost of the investment.

1.9 Inventories

Inventories comprise all costs of purchase, conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Raw materials, work-in-progress, finished goods and traded goods are carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined on the basis of the weighted average method.

1.9 Inventories (Continued)

The net realisable value of work-in-progress and finished goods is determined with reference to the estimated selling price less estimated cost of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Raw materials held for the production of finished goods are not written down below cost except in case where material prices have declined and it is estimated that the cost of the finished product will exceed its net realisable value. Provisions are made for slow moving and obsolete inventories based on estimates made by the Company.

1.10 Leases

The Company's lease asset classes primarily consist of leases for land and buildings, vehicles and plant and equipment. Vehicles taken on lease have been provided to the employees of the Company. The Company assesses whether a contract is (or contains) a lease, at inception of a contract. A contract is (or contains), a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether :

(i) the contract involves the use of an identified asset;

(ii) the Company has substantially all the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease;

(iii) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

Where the Company is the lessee :

At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognises a Right-of-Use asset ("ROU") and a corresponding Lease Liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for leases with a term of twelve months or less (short term leases) and leases of low value assets. For these short term and leases of low value assets, the Company recognises the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

The ROU assets are initially recognised at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease plus any initial direct costs less any lease incentives. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Contracts may contain both lease and non-lease components. The Company allocates the consideration in the contract to the lease and non-lease components based on their standalone prices. However, for leases of real estate for which the Company is a lessee, it has elected not to separate lease and non-lease components and instead accounts for these as a single lease component.

ROU assets are depreciated from the commencement date on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the incremental borrowing rates. The lease liability is subsequently remeasured by increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability, reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made.

A lease liability is remeasured upon the occurrence of certain events such as re-assessment of the lease term or a change in an index rate used to determine lease payments. The remeasurement normally also adjusts the ROU assets and impact of gain/loss on modification is given in the statement of profit and loss.

Lease liability and ROU asset have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and Lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

Where the Company is the lessor:

Assets subject to operating leases are included in property, plant and equipment and investment properties. Lease income is recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Costs, including depreciation are recognised as an expense in the statement of profit and loss. Initial direct costs such as legal costs, brokerage costs, etc. are recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

1.11 Employee benefits

(a) Short-term employee benefits

All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering the service are classified as short-term employee benefits. Benefits such as salaries, wages and short-term compensated absences, etc. and the expected cost of ex-gratia and variable compensation are recognised in the period in which the employee renders the related service.

(b) Post-employment and other long-term benefits

(i) Defined contribution plans : The Company's approved superannuation scheme and employee state insurance scheme are defined contribution plans. The Company's contribution payable under the schemes is recognised as expense in the statement of profit and loss during the period in which the employee renders the related service.

(ii) Defined benefit Plans and other long term benefits: The Company's gratuity, pension and post-retirement medical benefit schemes are defined benefit plans. Compensated absences, retention bonus, silver jubilee and star awards are other long-term benefits. The present value of the obligation under such defined benefit plans and other long- term benefits are determined based on actuarial valuation using the Projected Unit Credit Method, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation. In case of funded plans, the fair value of the plan assets is reduced from the gross obligation under the defined benefit plans to recognize the obligation on a net basis.

Provident fund has been considered as a defined benefit plan since any additional obligations on account of investment risk and interest rate risk are required to be met by the Company.

In case of defined benefit plans, comprising gratuity, pension, post-retirement medical benefits and provident fund, remeasurement comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability or asset) and any change in the effect of asset ceiling (wherever applicable) is recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) and is reflected in retained earnings and is not eligible to be reclassified to profit or loss. In case of other long term benefits, all remeasurements including actuarial gain or loss are charged to the statement of profit and loss.

The Company recognizes following items in the net defined benefit obligation as an expense in the statement of profit and loss :

• Service cost including current service cost, past service cost and gains and losses on curtailments and settlements; and

• Net interest expense or income

For the purpose of presentation, the allocation between current and non-current provisions has been made as determined by an actuary, as applicable.

Provision for compensated absences are presented as current liabilities, as the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement for atleast 12 months after the reporting period, regardless of when the actual settlement is expected to occur.

1.12 Share-based payments

Share-based payment consists of share awards of the Ultimate Holding Company to the employees of the Company, which subsequently makes a recharge to the Company. These awards are predominantly designed as equity-settled transactions as the ultimate obligation to settle the transaction is on the Ultimate Holding Company. The costs of stock awards granted to the employees of the Company are measured at the fair value of the stock awards granted of the Ultimate Holding Company. For each stock award, the measurement of fair value is performed on the grant date.

The cost is recognised in the statement of profit or loss, together with a corresponding increase in stock awards reserve in equity, over the period in which the service conditions are fulfilled. At the end of each reporting period upto the date of settlement, the Company remeasures the fair value of the liability based on the share price of the Ultimate Holding Company with a corresponding adjustment to equity.

1.13 Financial instruments

Financial assets and/or financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes party to a contract embodying the related financial instruments.

Initial recognition and measurement

On initial recognition, financial assets are recognised at fair value except trade receivables which are recognized at transaction price which do not contain a significant financing component. In case of financial assets which are recognised at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), its transaction costs are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. In other cases, the transaction costs are added to the acquisition value of the financial asset.

Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in the below categories :

(a) Financial assets at amortised cost;

(b) Financial assets including derivatives at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL); and

(c) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI).

For trade and other receivables maturing within one year from the balance sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value, due to the short maturity of these instruments.

Subsequent measurement

(a) Financial assets at amortised cost

Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost if these financial assets are held within a business where the objective is to hold these assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the statement of profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. This category generally applies to trade and other receivables, loans and other financial assets.

(b) Financial assets including derivatives at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss unless it is measured at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income on initial recognition. The transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are immediately recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

(c) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

A financial asset is subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if it is held within a business where the objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

(d) Equity investment in subsidiaries and associate

Investment in equity instruments issued by the subsidiaries is measured at cost less impairment.

Investment in equity instruments issued by the associate is measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Derecognition

A financial asset is primarily derecognised when :

(a) the right to receive cash flows from the asset has expired, or

(b) the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a pass-through arrangement; and a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the differences between the carrying amounts measured at the date of derecognition and the consideration received is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company applies the expected credit loss (ECL) model for recognition and measurement of impairment losses on the following financial assets and credit risk exposures :

a) Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortised cost e.g., loans, deposits, and bank balance.

b) Financial assets that are debt instruments and are measured as at FVTOCI.

c) Lease receivables under Ind AS 116.

d) Trade receivables, contract assets or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 115.

The Company follows the simplified approach for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables and contract assets. The application of the simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition. As a practical expedient, the Company uses a provision matrix to determine impairment loss allowance on trade receivables and contract assets.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, twelve-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the Company reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on twelve-month ECL.

Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The twelve-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within twelve months after the reporting date.

ECL is the difference between net of all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Company expects to receive (i.e., all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR.

Impairment of non-financial assets

The Company assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any indication that an asset or a group of assets (cash generating unit) may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the asset or cash generating unit.

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.

On initial recognition, financial liabilities are recognised at fair value. In case of financial liabilities which are recognised at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), its transaction costs are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. In other cases, the transaction costs are added to the acquisition or issue of the financial liabilities.

The Company's financial liabilities include trade and other payables and derivative financial instruments.

Subsequent measurement

Financial liabilities, including derivatives and embedded derivatives, which are designated for measurement at FVTPL are subsequently measured at fair value. All other financial liabilities such as deposits are measured at amortised cost using EIR method.

For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the balance sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value, due to the short maturity of these instruments.

Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expired. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

1.14 Foreign currency transactions

The Company is exposed to currency fluctuations on foreign currency transactions. Transactions denominated in foreign currency are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of transactions.

Exchange differences arising on foreign exchange transactions settled during the year are recognised in the statement of profit and loss for the year.

Translation

Monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currency, which are outstanding as at the year end, are translated at the year end at the closing exchange rate and the resultant exchange differences are recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Non-monetary items are stated in the balance sheet using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction / date when fair value was determined.

Derivative instruments and hedge accounting

The Company's exposure to foreign currency fluctuations relates to foreign currency assets, liabilities and forecasted cash flows. The Company limits the effects of foreign exchange rate fluctuations by following established risk management policies including the use of derivatives like forward contracts. The Company enters forward exchange contracts, where the counterparty is a bank. The hedging strategy is used for mitigating the currency fluctuation risk and the Company does not use the forward exchange contracts for trading or speculative purpose. The Company uses forward contracts to mitigate its risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations having underlying transaction and relating to firm commitments or highly probable foreign currency forecasted purchase and sale transactions.

The forward exchange contracts are re measured at fair value at each reporting date with the resultant gains/ losses thereon being recorded in statement of profit and loss, except that are designated as hedges.

Commodity risk is mitigated by entering into future contracts to hedge against fluctuation in commodity prices.

The Company designates some of the foreign currency forward contracts in a cash flow hedging relationship by applying the hedge accounting principles.

These forward contracts are stated at fair value at each reporting date. Changes in the effective portion of fair value of these forward contracts that are designated as hedges of future cash flows are recognised directly in OCI and reflected in cash flow hedge reserve, net of applicable deferred income taxes and the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

Amounts accumulated in cash flow hedge reserve are reclassified to profit and loss in the periods during which the forecasted transaction materialises.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. For forecasted transactions, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognised in cash flow hedge reserve is retained there until the forecasted transaction occurs.

If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognised in cash flow hedge reserve is immediately transferred to the statement of profit and loss for the period.

1.15 Fair value measurement

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole :

• Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

• Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is

directly or indirectly observable.

• Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is

unobservable.

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the Company uses a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each reporting date. The methods used to determine fair value includes discounted cash flow analysis, available quoted market prices and dealer quotes. All methods of assessing fair value result from general approximation of value and the same may differ from the actual realised value.

1.16 Taxation

Income tax expense comprises current tax (i.e. amount of tax for the year determined in accordance with the income tax law) and deferred tax charge or credit (reflecting the tax effect of temporary differences) computed in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Current tax and deferred tax are recognised in the statement of profit and loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in OCI or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

The current tax payable is based on taxable profit for the year. The Company's current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted, by the end of the reporting period. Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the balance sheet after off-setting advance tax paid and income tax provision arising in the same tax jurisdiction and where the relevant taxpaying units intend to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.

Deferred tax is provided using the balance sheet method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

1.16 Taxation (Continued)

The deferred tax charge or credit and the corresponding deferred tax liabilities or assets are recognised using the tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. Deferred tax assets are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences to the extent it is probable that taxable profits will be available against those deductible temporary differences and can be realised. Deferred tax assets are reviewed as at each balance sheet date and written down to the extent it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities are not recognized for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax base of investments in subsidiaries and associate where the Company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is not probable that the differences will reverse in foreseeable future and taxable profit will not be available against which the temporary difference can be utilised.

Deferred tax assets are not recognized for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax base of investments in subsidiaries and associate where it is probable that the differences will not reverse in foreseeable future. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the relevant entity intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Uncertain tax positions are reflected in the overall measurement of the Company's tax expense and are based on the most likely amount or the expected value arrived by the Company, which provides a better prediction of the resolution of uncertainty. Uncertain tax positions are monitored and updated as and when new information becomes available, typically upon examination or action by the taxing authorities or through statute expiration and judicial precedent.

1.17 Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing the net profit attributable to equity shareholders for the year, by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the year attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.

1.18 Provisions and contingencies

Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of past events and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the effect is material, provisions are recognised at present value by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pretax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money. When a contract becomes onerous, the present obligation under the contract is recognised as a provision. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect current best estimates.

Disclosures for contingent liability are made when there is a possible and present obligation that arises from past events which is not recognised since it is not probable that there will be an outflow of resources. When there is a possible and present obligation in respect of which the likelihood of outflow of resources is remote, no disclosure is made.

Loss contingencies arising from claims, litigation, assessment, fines, penalties, etc. are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

Provisions for warranty related cost are recognised when the product is sold or service is provided to the customer. Initial recognition is based on past experience.

Contingent assets are not recognised in the financial statements.

1.19 Cash and Cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash, cheques in hand, cash at bank and deposits with banks having maturity of three months or less. Bank deposits with original maturity of up to three months are classified as 'Cash and cash equivalents' and with original maturity of more than three months are classified as 'Other bank balances'.

1.20 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations

Non-current assets or disposal groups comprising of assets and liabilities are classified as 'held for sale' when all the following criteria are met :

(a) decision has been made to sell,

(b) the assets are available for immediate sale in its present condition,

(c) the assets are being actively marketed and

(d) sale has been agreed or is expected to be concluded within 12 months of the balance sheet date.

Subsequently, such non-current assets and disposal groups classified as 'held for sale' are measured at the lower of its carrying value and fair value less costs to sell.

Non-current assets held for sale are not depreciated or amortised.

A discontinued operation is a component of the entity that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale and represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations and is part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of such a line of business or area of operations. The results of discontinued operations are presented separately in the statement of profit and loss.

2. Critical estimates and judgments

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively.

The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimating uncertainty at the reporting date, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are described below. The Company has based its assumptions and estimates on parameters available when the financial statements were prepared. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market changes or circumstances arising that are beyond the control of the Company. Such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur.

a. Project revenue and costs

The input method places considerable importance on accurate estimates to the extent of progress towards completion and may involve estimates on the scope of deliveries and services required for fulfilling the contractually defined obligations. These significant estimates include total contract costs, total contract revenues, contract risks, including technical, political and regulatory risks, and other judgments viz. variable considerations such as claims, liquidated damages, etc. The Company re-assesses these estimates on periodic basis and makes appropriate revisions accordingly.

b. Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets

The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived after determining an estimate of an asset's expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life. The useful lives and residual values of the Company's assets are determined by management at the time the asset is acquired and reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in technology.

c. Leases

The Company use estimates and judgements in identification of leases, identification of non-lease component of lease, lease term assessment considering termination and renewal option and the discounting rate used.

The Company evaluates if an arrangement qualifies to be a lease as per the requirements of Ind AS 116. Identification of a lease requires significant judgement. The Company uses significant judgement in assessing the lease term (including anticipated renewals) and the applicable discount rate. The Company determines the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together with both periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. In assessing whether the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend a lease, or not to exercise an option to terminate a lease, it considers all relevant facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive for the Company to exercise the option to extend the lease, or not to exercise the option to terminate the lease. The discount rate is generally based on the incremental borrowing rate specific to the lease being evaluated or for a portfolio of leases with similar characteristics.

d. Employee benefits

The Company's obligation for employee benefits is determined based on actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future salary increases, attrition, mortality rates and medical inflation rate. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, these liabilities are highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date.

refer note 48 for details of the key assumptions used in determining the accounting of these plans.

The parameter most sensitive to change is the discount rate. In determining the appropriate discount rate for plans operated in India, the Actuary considers the interest rates of government bonds in currencies consistent with the currencies of the post-employment benefit obligation.

The mortality rate is based on publicly available mortality tables for India. Those mortality tables tend to change only at interval in response to demographic changes. Future salary increases are based on expected future inflation rates.

e. Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses impairment on financial assets based on Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model. The provision matrix is based on its historically observed default rates over the expected life of the financial assets and is adjusted for forward looking estimates. At every reporting date, the historical observed default rates are updated and changes in forward looking estimates are analysed.

f. Provisions

Significant estimates are involved in the determination of provisions related to onerous contracts, warranty costs, legal and regulatory proceedings (legal proceedings) including direct and indirect tax matters.

The Company recognises the estimated liability for warranty cost when the products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims and management estimates regarding possible future incidence based on corrective actions or product failures. Management estimates the provision based on historical warranty claim information and any recent trends that may suggest future claim could differ from the historical amount.

The Company records a provision for onerous sales contracts when current estimates of total contract costs exceed expected contract revenue.

The provision for warranty and onerous contracts is based on the best estimate required to settle the present obligation at the end of reporting period.

Further in respect of the Energy segment, warranties relate to completed projects and products sold, and are determined on the basis of repair and replacement costs resulting from component defects or functional errors, which may cover both warranty and post warranty period. Additionally, non-recurring provisions are recorded due to various factors, such as portfolio changes and customer application that, in general, relate to situations in which the expected failure rates are above normal levels. The measurement of warranty provisions reflects whether the underlying contractual or underlying obligation results from a single obligation or a larger population of items. The amount provided are based on the management judgement and use of assumptions basis best available information, some of which may be for matter that are inherently uncertain and susceptible to change as more relevant data becomes available. Considering these obligations could be concluded over a longer period exceeding one year, these have been appropriately discounted to reflect the time value of money.

Legal proceedings including direct and indirect tax matters often involve complex legal issues and are subject to substantial uncertainties. Accordingly, considerable judgment is part of determining whether it is probable that there is a present obligation as a result of a past event at the end of the reporting period, whether it is probable that such a legal proceeding including direct and indirect tax matters will result in an outflow of resources and whether the amount of the obligation can be reliably estimated. Internal and external counsels are generally part of the determination process. All the estimates are revised periodically.

New Standards, Interpretations and Amendments Adopted by the Company

Ministry of Corporate Affairs ('MCA') notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time.

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs vide notification dated 31 March 2023 notified the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2023, which amended certain accounting standards (see below), and are effective from 1 April 2023 :

• Disclosure of accounting policies - amendments to Ind AS 1

• Definition of accounting estimates - amendments to Ind AS 8

• Deferred tax related to assets and liabilities arising from a single transaction - amendments to Ind AS 12.

The other amendments to Ind AS notified by these rules are primarily in the nature of clarifications.

These amendments did not have any material impact on the amounts recognised in prior periods and the current year and are not expected to significantly affect the future periods.