3. Material accounting policies
a. Foreign currency transactions
The functional currency of the Company is Indian National Rupee (INR) which is also the presentation currency. All other currencies are accounted for as foreign currency.
Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are initially recorded at the exchange rate prevailing at the date of transaction.
Foreign currency monetary items are reported using the closing exchange rates. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transaction. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined.
Exchange differences on monetary items are recognised in statement of profit and loss in the year in which they arise.
b. Revenue recognition
The Company derives revenues mainly from sale of manufactured goods. Revenue is recognised on satisfaction of performance obligation upon transfer of control (as per the terms of contract) of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods. Revenue is measured based on the transaction price, which is the consideration, adjusted for discounts, incentives and returns, etc., if any.
The Company does not expect to have any contracts where the period between the transfer of the promised goods to the customer and payment by the customer exceeds one year. As a consequence, it is not required to adjust any of the transaction prices for the time value of money.
Revenue in excess of invoicing are classified as contract asset while invoicing in excess of revenues are classified as contract liabilities.
Export entitilement from government authority are duly recognised in the profit and loss as other operating revenue when the right to receive is established as per the terms of scheme in respect of the exports made by the company with no future related cost and where there is no significant uncertainity regarding the ultimate collection of the relevant export proceeds
c. Other income
Interest income for all debt instruments is recognised using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) but does not consider the expected credit losses. Apart from the above, the Company recognises interest income on its security deposits given to the Jharkhand State Electricity Board, on acknowledgement of credit by the Board.
Dividend are recognised in statement of profit or loss only when the right to receive payment is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Company, and the amount of the dividend can be measured reliably.
d. Income tax
The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period (Current tax) taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses. The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. Deferred income tax is recognised in full, using the balance sheet approach, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferred income tax is also not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting profit nor taxable profit (tax loss). Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax
liability is settled.
Deffered tax assets (including Minimum Alternate Tax credit) are recognised for all deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses or credits only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilise those temporary differences and losses.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the Company has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
Current and deferred tax is recognised in statement of profit and loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.
e. Leases
Measurement and recognition of leases
The Company assesses at contract inception whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A lease is defined as 'a contract, or part of a contract, that convey the right to use an asset (the underlying asset) for a period of time in exchange for consideration'.
To apply this definition, the Company assesses whether the contract meets three key criteria which are whether:
• the contract contains an identified asset, which is either explicitly identified in the contract or implicitly specified by being identified at the time the asset is made available to the Company.
• the Company has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the identified asset throughout the period of use, considering its rights within the defined scope of the contract.
• the Company has the right to direct the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use. The Company assesses whether it has the right to direct 'how and for what purpose' the asset is used throughout the period of use.
Company as a lessee
At lease commencement date, the Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet. The right-of-use asset is measured at cost, which is made up of the initial measurement of the lease liability, any initial direct costs incurred by the Company and any lease payments made in advance of the lease commencement date.
The Company depreciates the right-of-use assets on a straight-line basis from the lease commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The Company also assesses the right-of-use asset for impairment when such indicators exist.
At the commencement date, the Company measures the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments unpaid at that date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease if that rate is readily available or the Company's incremental borrowing rate.
Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability are made up of fixed payments (including in substance, fixed), and payments arising from options reasonably certain to be exercised. Subsequent to initial measurement, the liability will be reduced for payments made and increased for interest expenses. It is remeasured to reflect any reassessment or modification.
When the lease liability is remeasured, the corresponding adjustment is reflected in the right-of-use asset or statement of profit and loss, as the case may be.
On the balance sheet, right-of-use assets have been included in property, plant and equipment and lease liabilities have disclosed under financial liabilities (non-current and current).
The Company has elected to account for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets using the exemption / practical expedient given under Ind AS 116, Leases. Instead of recognising a right-of-use asset and lease liabilities, the payments in relation to these are recognised as an expense in statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term or on another systematic basis if that basis is more representative of the pattern of the Company's benefit.
f. Impairment of non-financial assets
The carrying amount of the non-financial assets are reviewed at each balance sheet date if there is any indication of impairment based on internal /external factors. An impairment loss is recognised whenever the carrying amount of an asset or a cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of the assets (or where applicable, that of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs) is estimated as the higher of its net selling price and its value in use. Impairment loss is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
After impairment, depreciation / amortisation is provided on the revised carrying amount of the asset over its remaining useful life.
A previously recognised impairment loss is increased or reversed depending on changes in circumstances. However, the carrying value after reversal is not increased beyond the carrying value that would have prevailed by charging usual depreciation / amortisation if there were no impairment.
g. Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and demand deposits, together with other short-term, highly liquid investments (original maturity less than three months) that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash, and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, balance in current accounts with banks and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company's cash management.
h. Inventories
Raw material and components, work in progress, finished goods and stores and spares are stated at "cost or net realisable value whichever is lower". Goods in transit are stated at cost. Cost formula used is weighted average cost. Due allowance is estimated and made for defective and obsolete items, wherever necessary, based on the past experience of the Company. Cost comprises of all cost of purchase, cost of conversion and other cost incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Costs of conversion and other costs are determined on the basis of standard cost method adjusted for variances between standard costs and actual costs, unless such costs are specifically identifiable, in which case they are included in the valuation at actuals.
i. Investments and financial assets Classification
The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:
• those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income, or through profit or loss), and
• those measured at amortised cost.
The classification depends on the Company's business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.
For assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in debt instruments, this will depend on the business model in which the investment is held. For investments in equity instruments, this will depend on whether the Company has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income.
The Company reclassifies debt investments when and only when its business model for managing those assets changes.
Trade receivables are initially recognised at their transaction price unless those contain significant financing component determined in accordance with Ind AS 115 and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment.
Measurement
At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset, except trade receivables, at fair value plus or minus the transaction costs. In case of financial assets classified at 'fair value through profit or loss', the initial recognition is done at fair value in accordance with para 5.1.1 of Ind AS 109. Further, as an exception to these principles, according to para 5.1.3 read with para 5.1.1 of Ind AS 109, financial assets in the form of trade receivables, are initially measured at their transaction price (as defined in Ind AS 115) unless those contain a significant financing component determined in accordance with Ind AS 115.
Financial assets with embedded derivatives are considered in their entirety when determining whether their cash flows are solely payment of principal and interest.
Measurement of debt instruments
Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Company's business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. There are three measurement categories into which the Company classifies its debt instruments:
• Amortised cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows
represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at amortised cost and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognised in statement of profit or loss when the asset is derecognised or impaired. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income using the effective interest rate method.
• Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI): Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the assets' cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). Movements in the carrying amount are taken through OCI, except for the recognition of impairment gains or losses, interest revenue and foreign exchange gains and losses which are recognised in profit and loss. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income using the effective interest rate method.
• Fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL): Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or FVOCI are measured at fair value through profit or loss. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognised in profit or loss and presented net in the statement of profit and loss within other gains/ (losses) in the period in which it arises. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income.
Impairment of financial assets
The Company assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its assets carried at amortised cost and FVOCI debt instruments. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk.
For trade receivables only, the Company applies the simplified approach permitted by Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from initial recognition of the receivables.
For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-months expected credit losses or at an amount equal to the lifetime credit losses if the credit risk on the financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition.
The Company assesses at each date of balance sheet whether a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. Ind AS 109 "Financial Instruments" requires expected credit losses to be measured through a loss allowance. The Company recognises lifetime expected losses for all trade receivables that do not constitute a financing component. In determining the allowances for doubtful trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient by computing the expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables based on a provision matrix. The provision matrix takes into account historical credit loss experience and is adjusted for forward-looking information. The expected credit loss allowance is based on the ageing of the receivables that are due and allowance rates used in the provision matrix.
De-recognition of financial assets
A financial asset is derecognised only when
• The Company has transferred the rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset or
• retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to one or more recipients.
Where the Company has transferred an asset, the Company evaluates whether it has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. In such cases, the financial asset is derecognised. Where the entity has not transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is not derecognised.
Where the Company has neither transferred a financial asset nor retains substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is derecognised if the Company has not retained control of the financial asset. Where the Company retains control of the financial asset, the asset is continued to be recognised to the extent of continuing involvement in the financial asset.
j. Offsetting financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Company or the counterparty.
k. Property plant and equipment (including capital work-in-progress) and depreciation
Freehold land is carried at historical cost. All other items of property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Historical costs include cost of acquisition inclusive of all attributable cost of bringing the assets to their working condition.
Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is possible that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognised when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.
On transition to Ind AS, the Company had elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its property, plant and equipment as at 1 April 2016 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of these assets.
Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 prescribes useful lives for property, plant and equipment and allows Companies to use higher/lower useful lives and residual values if such useful lives and residual values can be technically supported and justification for difference is disclosed in the financial statements. The management believes that the depreciation rates currently used fairly reflect its estimate of the useful lives and residual values of property, plant and equipment.
Depreciation/ amortisation on Property plant and equipment has been provided on the straight-line method as per the useful life assessed based on technical advice, taking into account the nature of the asset, the estimated use of the asset on the basis of management's best estimation of getting economic benefits from those class of assets. Depreciation is calculated pro-rata from the date of addition or upto the date of disposal as the case may be.
The Company uses its external technical expertise along with historical and industry trends for arriving at the economic life of an asset.
Assets not yet ready for use are recognised as capital work in progress.
Gains / losses arising from disposals of assets are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying value of the asset on the date of disposal and are recognised in the statement of profit and loss, in the period of disposal.
l. Intangible assets and amortisation
Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the intangible assets. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite life is recognised in the statement of profit and loss under the head Depreciation and amortisation expense.
Identifiable intangible assets are recognised when it is probable that future economic benefits attributed to the asset will flow to the Company and the cost of the asset can be reliably measured. An intangible asset is derecognised upon disposal (i.e., at the date the recipient obtains control) or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal.
Computer softwares are capitalised at the amounts paid to acquire the respective license for use and the costs incurred towards its development and are amortised over the period of their useful lives, which is generally considered to be a period not exceeding three/five years, depending upon the nature of the software. The assets' useful lives are reviewed at each financial year end. Amortisation is calculated pro-rata from the date of addition or upto the date of disposal, as the case may be.
Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset on the date of disposal and are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognised.
On transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its intangible assets as at 1 April 2016 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of intangible assets.
m. Borrowings and other financial liabilities
Borrowings and other financial liabilities are initially recognised at fair value (net of transaction costs incurred). Initial difference between the fair value and the transaction proceeds is recognised as an asset / liability based on the underlying reason for the difference.
Subsequently all financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method.
Borrowings are derecognised from the balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any noncash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in statement of profit and loss. The gain / loss is recognised in other equity in case of transaction with shareholders.
Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period.
n. Borrowing costs
General and specific borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time the assets are substantially ready for their intended use. All other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.
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