3. Summary of significant accounting policies
The financial statements have been prepared using the accounting policies and measurement basis summarized below.
a. Operating Cycle
Based on the nature of services/ activities of the Company and the normal time between acquisition of assets and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents, the Company has determined its operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of classification of its assets and liabilities as current and non-current.
b. Current versus non-current classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification. An asset is classified as current when it is:
• Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle
• Held primarily for the purpose of trading
• Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is classified as current when:
• A liability is classified as current when:
• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle
• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading
• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period
All other liabilities are classified as non-current.
c. Foreign currency:
Functional and presentation currency
The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupee (‘INR’ or ‘?’) which is also the functional and presentation currency of the Company.
Transactions and balances
Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the functional currency, by applying to the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.
Foreign currency monetary items are converted to functional currency using the spotexchange rates as at the reporting date. Non-monetary items denominated in a foreign currency which are carried at historical cost are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and non-monetary items which are carried at fair value or any other similar valuation denominated in a foreign currency are reported using the exchange rates that existed when the values were determined.
Exchange differences arising on monetary items on settlement, or restatement as at reporting date, at rates different from those at which they were initially recorded, are recognized in the statement of profit and loss in the year in which they arise.
d. Revenue recognition:
The Company derives revenues primarily from information and technology services and leasing of properties or spaces.
Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised services to the customer, recovery of the consideration is probable, the associated costs and possible return of services can be estimated reliably, there is no continuing management involvement with the services, and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably. The timing of the transfer of risks and rewards varies depending on the individual terms of the agreement.
Revenues in excess of invoicing are classified as contract assets (which we refer to as unbilled revenue) while invoicing in excess of revenues are classified as contract liabilities (which we refer to as unearned revenues).
Contract modifications are accounted for when additions, deletions or changes are approved either to the contract scope or contract price. The accounting for modifications of contracts involves assessing whether the services added to an existing contract are distinct and whether the pricing is at the standalone selling price. services added that are not distinct are accounted for on a cumulative catch-up basis, while those that are distinct are accounted for prospectively, either as a separate contract, if the additional Goods/ services are priced at the standalone selling price, or as a termination of the existing contract and creation of a new contract if not priced at the standalone selling price.
The Company presents revenues net of indirect taxes in its Statement of Profit and Loss.
The Company classifies the right to consideration in exchange for deliverables as a receivable.
A receivable is a right to consideration that is unconditional upon passage of time. _ on _
Revenue for time-and-material contracts are recognized as related control is transferred when services are performed.
Invoicing in excess ofearnings is classified as unearned revenue.
Performance obligations and remaining performance obligations
The remaining performance obligation disclosure provides the aggregate amount of the transaction price yet to be recognized as at the end of the reporting period and an explanation as to when the Company expects to recognize these amounts in revenue.
Applying the practical expedient as given in Ind AS 115, the Company has not disclosed the remaining performance obligation related disclosures for contracts where the revenue recognized corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity’s performance completed to date, typically those contracts where invoicing is on time-and-material basis.
Remaining performance obligation estimates are subject to change and are affected by several factors, including terminations, changes in the scope of contracts, periodic revalidations, and adjustment for revenue that has not materialized and adjustments for currency.
Goods and service taxis not received by the Company on its own account. It is a tax collected by the Company on behalf of the government. Accordingly, it is excluded from revenue.
Interest Income
Interest income is recognized on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and rate applicable. For all financial instruments measured at amortised cost, interest income is recorded using the
Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method.
e. Leases
Company as a lessor
At the inception of the lease the Company classifies each of its leases as either an operating lease or a finance lease. The Company recognises lease payments received under operating leases as income on a straight- line basis over the lease term. In case of a finance lease, finance income is recognised over the lease term based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on the lessor’s net investment in the lease. When the Company is an intermediate lessor it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sub-lease separately. If an arrangement contains lease and non-lease components, the Company applies Ind AS 115 Revenue from contracts with customers to allocate the consideration in the contract.
Transition to Ind AS 116
Ministry of Corporate Affairs (“MCA”) through Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2019 and Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Second Amendment Rules, has notified Ind AS 116 Leases which replaces the existing lease standard, Ind AS 17 leases, and other interpretations. Ind AS 116 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both lessees and lessors. It introduces a single, on-balance sheet lease accounting model for lessees.
The Company has adopted Ind AS 116, effective annual reporting period beginning April 1, 2019 and applied the standard to its lease. The Company is not required to make any adjustments on transition to Ind AS 116 for leases in which it acts as a lessor. The Company accounted for its leases in accordance with Ind AS 116 from the date of initial application. The Company does not have any significant impact on account of sublease on the application of this standard
f. Property, plant and equipment (PPE)
Recognition and initial measurement
Property, plant and equipment are stated at their cost of acquisition. The cost comprises purchase price. Any trade discount and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price.
Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in statement of profit and loss as incurred.
When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.
Subsequent measurement (depreciation and useful lives)
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is provided on the written down value method, computed on the basis of useful lives as estimated by the management which coincides with the useful lives mentioned in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 except for Plant and equipment which are depreciated over a useful life of 10 years as compared to useful life of 15 years mentioned in Schedule II of the Companies Act. Freehold land is not depreciated.
Cost of the leasehold land is amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
The residual values, useful lives and method of depreciation of assets are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
De-recognition
An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de-recognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognised.
g. Investment property
Investment properties are initially measured at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss, if any. When the use of a property changes from owner occupied to investment property, the property is reclassified as investment property at its carrying amount on the date of reclassification.
h. Other Intangible assets Recognition and initial measurement
Other Intangible assets are stated at their cost of acquisition. The cost comprises purchase price. Any trade discount and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price.
Subsequent measurement (amortisation)
The cost of capitalized software is amortized over a period of 3 years, on a written down value basis.
i. Impairment of non-financial assets
At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired, based on internal or external factors. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the asset or the cash generating unit. If such recoverable amount of the asset or cash generating unit to which the asset belongs is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable
amount. The reduction is treated as an impairment loss and is recognized in the statement of profit and loss. If, at the reporting date there is an indication that a previously assessed impairment loss no longer exists, the recoverable amount is reassessed and the asset is reflected at the recoverable amount. Impairment losses previously recognized are accordingly reversed in the statement of profit and loss.
j. Financial instruments
Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Financial assets
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognised initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.
Subsequent measurement
For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in three categories:
• Debt instruments at amortised cost
• Equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) and
• Equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)
Debt instruments at amortised cost
A ‘debt instrument’ is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:
• The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and
• Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the profit or loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Equity instruments measured at FVTPL and FVOCI
All equity investments in scope of Ind-AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company decides to classify the same either as at FVOCI or FVTPL. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.
If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to Statement of Profit and Loss, even on sale of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.
Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents represent cash and bank balances and fixed deposits with banks with original maturity of less than three months. Cash and cash equivalent are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
Trade Receivables
Trade receivables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment.
De-recognition
The Company de-recognises a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expires or it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset.
Impairment of Financial Assets
In accordance with Ind-AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss for financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortised cost e.g., deposits, trade receivables and bank balances.
The Company follows ‘simplified approach’ for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.
For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12-month ECL.
Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.
ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Company expects to receive. When estimating the cash flows, the Company is required to consider -
• All contractual terms of the financial assets (including prepayment and extension) over the expected life of the assets.
• Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.
Financial Liabilities
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value. The Company’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables and security deposits.
Subsequent measurement
The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:
Security deposits
After initial recognition, security deposits are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Trade and other payables
These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the Company prior to the end of financial year which are unpaid. The amounts are unsecured and are usually paid as per agreed terms. Trade and other payables are presented as current liabilities unless payment is not due within 12 months after the reporting period. They are recognised initially at their fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
De-recognition
A financial liability is de-recognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires.
Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
k. Investment in the nature of equity in subsidiary company
The Company has elected to recognise its investment in equity instrument in subsidiaryat fair value in the financial statements in accordance with the option available in Ind AS 27, ‘Separate Financial Statements’.
l. Income taxes
Tax expense recognized in statement of profit or loss comprises the sum of deferred tax and current tax except the ones recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.
Calculation of current tax is based on tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted for the reporting period. Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.
Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that the underlying tax loss or deductible temporary difference will be utilized against future taxable income. This is assessed based on the Company’s forecast of future operating results, adjusted for significant non-taxable income and expenses and specific limits on the use of any unused tax loss or credit. The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity).
Minimum Alternate Tax (‘MAT’) credit is recognised as deferred tax asset only when and to the extent there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax during the period for which the MAT credit can be carried forward for set-off against the normal tax liability. MAT credit recognised as an asset is reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and written down to the extent the aforesaid convincing evidence no longer exists.
m. Post-employment, long term and short term employee benefits Defined contribution plan
The Company’s contribution to provident fund and employee state insurance schemes is charged to the statement of profit and loss. The Company’s contributions towards Provident Fund are deposited with the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner under a defined contribution plan.
Defined benefit plan
The Company has gratuity as defined benefit plan where the amount that an employee will receive on retirement is defined by reference to the employee’s length of service and final salary. The liability recognised in the balance sheet for defined benefit plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation (DBO) at the reporting date. Management estimates the DBO annually with the assistance of independent actuaries. Actuarial gains and losses resulting from re-measurements of the liability are included in other comprehensive income.
Other long-term employee benefits
The Company also provides benefit of compensated absences to its employees which are in the nature of long -term benefit plan. Liability in respect of compensated absences becoming due and expected to be availed more than one year after the balance sheet date is estimated on the basis of an actuarial valuation performed by an independent actuary using the projected unit credit method as on the reporting date. Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recorded in the statement of profit and loss in the year in which such gains or losses arise.
Short-term employee benefits
Short-term employee benefits comprise of employee costs such as salaries, bonus etc. is recognized on the basis of the amount paid or payable for the period during which services are rendered by the employee.
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