Note No.2 : Significant Accounting Policies
a Basis of Preparation,Presentation of financial statements and Statement of compliance
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 notified under Section 133 of Companies Act, 2013, (the 'Act') and other relevant provisions of the Act.
The Balance Sheet, Statement of Profit and Loss (including other comprehensive income) and Statement of changes in Equity are prepared and presented in the format prescribed in the Division III of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act"). The Statement of Cash Flows has been prepared and presented as per the requirements of Ind AS. Amounts in the financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees.
b Functional and presentation currency
These financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (INR), which is also the Company's functional currency. c Basis for measurement
The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost convention and on accrual basis except for the following material items which have been measured at fair value:
d Use of Estimates
In preparing these financial statements, management has made judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised prospectively.
Assumptions and estimation uncertainties
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from those estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected. In particular, information about significant areas of estimation, uncertainty and critical judgements in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the financial statements are included in the following notes:
a) Income taxes: *
Significant judgements are involved in determining the provision for income taxes including judgement on whether tax positions are probable of being sustained in tax assessments. A tax assessment can involve complex issues, which can only be resolved over extended time periods.
b) Deferred taxes:
Deferred tax is recorded on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts, at the rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable profits during the periods in which those temporary differences and tax loss carryforward becomes deductible. The Company considers the expected reversal of deferred tax liabilities and projected future taxable income in making this assessment. The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced.
c) Defined benefit plans and compensated absences
The cost of the defined benefit plans, compensated absences and the present value of the defined benefit obligation are based on actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date.
d) Expected credit losses on financial assets
The impairment provisions of financial assets are based on assumptions about risk of default and expected timing of collection. The Company uses judgment in making these assumptions and selecting the inputs to the impairment calculation, based on the Company's past history, customer's creditworthiness, existing market conditions as well as forward looking estimates at the end of each reporting period.
e) Measurement of fair values
Some of the Company's accounting policies and disclosures require measurement of fair values, for both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities.
Fair values are categorised into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as follows:
Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices).
Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).
When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses observable market data as far as possible. If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or a liability fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy then the fair value measurement is categorised in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement.
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f) Revenue Recognition
i. Operating Income
Income from Trading Operations, which comprises of Brokerage is accounted for up to the date of last settlement in the reporting period and TINFC’s Operations are accounted on transaction basis.
ii. Interest Income
Revenue is recognized on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount of deposit and a rate applicable
iii. Dividend Income
Revenue is recognized when the shareholders right to receive payment is established by the balance sheet date.
g) Expenses
Expenses are accounted on accrual basis and Provisions made for all known liabilities and losses on available information.
Trading losses arising out of communication & computer disruptions and other operational reasons are treated as trading expenses
h) Operating Leases
Assets given/taken on lease in which a significant portion of risks and rewards of ownership are not transferred to the lessee are classified as operating leases.Lease payment/Income made under operating leases are charged to the statement of Profit and loss on a straight line basis over the period of lease unless the payments/receipts are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the company’s expected inflationary cost increases.
i) Property, Plant and Equipment (including intangible assets)
i. Recognition and measurement
Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.
Cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates, any directly attributable cost of bringing the item to its working condition for its intended use and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.
If significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.
Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in profit or loss.
ii. Subsequent expenditure
Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company.
iii. Depreciation/ Amortization
Depreciation has been charged off under useful life Straight Line Method as per Schedule II to the Companies Act 2013.
i. Recognition and initial measurement
Trade receivables are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
A financial asset or financial liability is initially measured at fair value.Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities(other than financial assets and financial liabilities at FVTPL) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets and liabilities,as appropriate,on initial recognition.Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at FVTPL are recognised immediately in Statement of Profit and loss.
ii. Classification and subsequent measurement Financial assets:
On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at
- amortised cost;
- FVTPL (Fair value through Profit and Loss)
- FVOCI (Fair value through Other Comprehensive Income)
Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.
A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:
- the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and
- the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
A debt investment is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:
- ’the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and
- ’the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
'On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment's fair value in OCI (designated as FVOCI - equity investment).
This election is made on an investment- by- investment basis.
All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or FVOCI are measured at FVTPL. Financial assets at FVTPL:
- These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Net gains and losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognised in profit or loss.
Debt investments at FVOCI:
- These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Interest income under the effective interest method, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss
- Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI. On derecognition, gains and losses accumulated in OCI are reclassified to profit or loss.
Equity investments at FVOCI:
- These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Dividends are recognised as income in profit or loss unless the dividend clearly represents a recovery of part of the cost of the investment
- Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI and are not reclassified to profit or loss. Financial assets at amortised cost:
- These assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The amortised cost is reduced by impairment losses. Interest income, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognised in profit or loss.
Financial liabilities:
'Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as held- for- trading.
Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in profit or loss.
Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is also recognised in profit or loss.
Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
iii. Derecognition Financial assets:
The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control of the financial asset.
Financial liabilities:
The Company derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.
The Company also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows under the modified terms are substantially different. In this case, a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability extinguished and the new financial liability with modified terms is recognised in profit or loss.
Impairment
i. Impairment of financial instruments
The Company recognises loss allowances for expected credit losses on:
- financial assets measured at amortised cost
At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether financial assets carried at amortised cost are credit- impaired. A financial asset is 'credit- impaired' when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred.
Evidence that a financial asset is credit- impaired includes the following observable data:
- significant financial difficulty of the borrower or issuer;
- a breach of contract such as a default or being past due for 365 days or more;
- the restructuring of a loan or advance by the Company on terms that the Company would not consider otherwise
- it is probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation: or
- the disappearance of an active market for a security because of financial difficulties
Except for debts due from Central/State Governments, Central/State Government Departments and Central/State Autonomous Bodies, Public Sector Undertakings for which provision/loss allowances are measured on case to case basis.
The Above % of default rates for the Debtors due till 365 days is taken on the basis of Historical default rates.
The % of default rates for the Debtors due for more than 365 days is taken on the basis of management judgement
ii. Impairment of non financial assets
The Company's non-financial assets, other than other tax assets, are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset's recoverable amount is estimated.
For impairment testing, assets that do not generate independent cash inflows are grouped together into cash-generating units (CGUs). Each CGU represents the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or CGUs.
k) Investments in Subsidiaries and Associates
The Company has elected to measure equity investments in Subsidiaries and Associates at cost as per Ind As-28
l) Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents includes cash in hand, demand deposits with banks and other short-term
highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible into known amount of cash and which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.
m) Income taxes
Income tax expense comprises current and deferred taxes. Income tax expense is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss, Other Comprehensive Income or directly in equity, when they relate to items that are recognised in the respective line items.
Current Tax
Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.
Current tax asset and liabilities are offset only if there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and it is intended to realise the asset and settle the liability on a net basis or simultaneously.
Deferred Tax
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying values of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and unutilized business loss and depreciation carry-forwards and tax credits. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses, depreciation carry-forwards and unused tax credits could be utilized.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured based on the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Company intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.
Deferred Tax on account of timing difference between taxable and accounting income is provided using the tax rates and tax laws enacted or substantially enacted by the Balance Sheet Date. Deferred Tax Asset are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date for their realisability.
n) Investments
(i) Investments that are intended to be held for more than a year are classified as Long-term Investments. All other investments are classified as current investments.
(ii) Long-term investments are carried at cost, unless there is diminution other than temporary in their value.
(iii) Current Investments are valued at lower of cost or market value.
o) Retirement Benefits
i. The Company's contribution to Provident Fund is recognized on accrual basis.
ii. In accordance with applicable Indian laws, the Company provides for gratuity a defined benefit retirement plan (Gratuity plan) covering all employees. The Gratuity plans provides a lumpsum payment to vested employees, at retirement or termination of employment, an amount based on the respective employees last drawn salary and the years of employment with the Company. The Company has an employees' gratuity fund managed by LIC of India.
iii. Leave encashment liability is provided on the basis of actual valuation made by the management at the end of each calendar year.
p) Borrowing Cost
Borrowing costs are interest and other costs incurred in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition or construction of an asset which necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use are capitalized as part of the cost of that asset. Other borrowing costs are recognized as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.
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