3 Material accounting policy information

3.1 Business combinations

Acquisitions of businesses are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred by the Company, liabilities incurred by the Company to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Company in exchange of control of the acquiree. Acquisition-related costs are generally recognised in statement of profit and loss as incurred.

At the acquisition date, the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are recognised at their fair value, except that:

- deferred tax assets or liabilities, and assets or liabilities related to employee benefit arrangements are recognised and measured in accordance with Ind AS 12 Income Taxes and Ind AS 19 Employee Benefits respectively;

- liabilities or equity instruments related to share-based payment arrangements of the acquiree or share-based payment arrangements of the Company entered into to replace share-based payment arrangements of the acquiree are measured in accordance with Ind AS 102 Share-based Payment at the acquisition date (see note 3.7.3); and

- assets (or disposal groups) that are classified as held for sale in accordance with Ind AS 105 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations are measured in accordance with that Standard.

3.1.1 Business combination under common control

The Company has followed the guidance given under Appendix C of Ind AS 103 (Business combination of entities under common control), while preparing these standalone financial statements.

Business combination involving common control is accounted by using pooling of interest method.

The pooling of interest method is considered to involve the following:

(i) The assets and liabilities of the combining entities are reflected at their carrying amounts.

(ii) No adjustments are made to reflect fair values, or recognise any new assets or liabilities. The only adjustments that are made are to harmonise accounting policies.

(iii) The financial information in the financial statements in respect of prior periods should be restated as if the business combination had occurred from the beginning of the preceding period in the financial statements, irrespective of the actual date of the combination. In this financial statement, the effect of transactions, when the entities are under common control, prior to the appointed date has been adjusted in the ‘other equity’.

The identity of the reserves in the transferor companies has been maintained in the transferee Company.

The difference, if any, between the amount recorded as share capital issued plus any additional consideration in the form of cash or other assets and the amount of share capital of the transferor shall be transferred to capital reserve and should be presented separately from other capital reserves with disclosure of its nature and purpose in the notes.

3.2 Revenue from contracts with customers

The Company recognises revenue to depict the transfer of control over promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. A 5-step approach is used to recognise revenue as below:

Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer

Step 2: Identify the performance obligation in contract

Step 3: Determine the transaction price

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

Step 5: Recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

3.2.1 Sale of goods

Revenue is recognised when a promise in a customer contract (performance obligation) has been satisfied by transferring control over the promised goods to the customer. Control over a promised good refers to the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, those goods. Control is usually transferred upon shipment, delivery to, upon receipt of goods by the customer, in accordance with the delivery and acceptance terms agreed with the customers and revenue is recognised at that point in time.. The amount of revenue to be recognised (transaction price) is based on the consideration expected to be received in exchange for goods, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties such as sales tax or other taxes directly linked to sales. If a contract contains more than one performance obligation, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on their relative stand-alone selling prices. Revenue from product sales are recorded net of allowances for estimated rebates, cash discounts and estimates of product returns, all of which are established at the time of sale.

The consideration received by the Company in exchange for its goods may be fixed or variable. Variable consideration is only recognised when it is considered highly probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur once the underlying uncertainty related to variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

Profit share revenues

The Company from time to time enters into marketing arrangements with certain business partners for the sale of its products in certain markets. Under such arrangements, the Company sells its products to the business partners at a base purchase price agreed upon in the arrangement and is also entitled to a profit share which is over and above the base purchase price. The profit share is typically dependent on the business partner’s ultimate net sale proceeds or net profits, subject to any reductions or adjustments that are required by the terms of the arrangement. Such arrangements typically require the business partner to provide confirmation of units sold and net sales or net profit computations for the products covered under the arrangement.

Revenue in an amount equal to the base purchase price and is recognised at that point in time upon delivery of products to the business partners. An additional amount representing the profit share component is recognised as revenue at that point in time in which corresponds to the ultimate sales of the products made by business partners only when the collectability of the profit share becomes probable and a reliable measurement of the profit share is available. Otherwise, recognition is deferred to a subsequent period pending satisfaction of such collectability and measurability requirements. In measuring the amount of profit share revenue to be recognised for each period, the Company uses all available information and evidence, including any confirmations from the business partner of the profit share amount owed to the Company, to the extent made available before the date the Company’s Board of Directors authorises the issuance of its financial statements for the applicable period.

Sale to distributors

The Company appoints distributors in various territories who purchases the goods from the Company and thereafter sells them in the territory. In case the distributor is acting as an agent, the Company defers revenue recognition till the time goods are sold by the distributor to the end customer. On the other hand, if the distributor is principal, revenue is recognised at that point in time when control is transferred to the distributor.

Right to reject or return goods

The Company also sells its products to the customers with a right to return the goods within the specified period of time. For contracts that permit the customer to return an item, revenue is recognised to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur. Therefore, the amount of revenue recognised is adjusted for expected returns, which are estimated based on the historical data. In these circumstances, a refund liability and a right to recover returned goods asset are recognised. The right to recover returned goods asset is measured at the former carrying amount of the inventory less any expected costs to recover goods. The refund liability is included in other current liabilities and the right to recover returned goods is included in inventory. The Company reviews its estimate of expected returns at each reporting date and updates the amounts of the asset and liability accordingly.

Price variations / Incentives

Incentives are accounted based on the assessment of whether the beneficiary (of the incentive) is acting as a principal or an agent. Where the beneficiary is a principal, the incentive is regarded as consideration paid to the customer and is reduced from revenue. However, where the beneficiary is an agent, the incentive payment is recognised as an expense as the same is in the nature of commission.

Chargebacks / Reptos claims by the wholesalers / distributors and Price Protections

Chargebacks and reptos claims are estimated on the basis of the average trend of the past periods and recognised as reduction to revenue.

3.2.2 Sale of services

Revenue from services rendered, which primarily relate to contract research, is recognised in the statement of profit and loss as the underlying services are performed. Upfront payments received under these arrangements are deferred and recognised as revenue over the expected period over which the related services are expected to be performed.

3.2.3 Royalty, sale of licenses and Intellectual property rights

The Company enters into certain dossier sales, royalties, licensing and supply arrangements with various parties. Income from licensing arrangements is generally recognised over the term of the contract. Some of these arrangements include certain performance obligations by the Company. Revenue from such arrangements is recognised point in time in the period in which the Company completes all its performance obligations.

3.2.4 Export and production linked incentives

Export incentives are accrued for based on fulfilment of eligibility criteria for availing the incentives and when there is no uncertainty in receiving the same. These incentives include estimated realisable values/benefits from special import licenses and benefits under specified schemes as applicable.

3.2.5 Rental income

The Company’s policy for recognition of revenue from operating leases is described in note 3.3.2 below.

3.2.6 Dividend and interest income

Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder’s right to receive payment has been established (provided that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably).

Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset’s net carrying amount on initial recognition.

3.3 Leases

At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company uses the definition of a lease in Ind AS 116.

3.3.1 The Company as lessee

At commencement or on modification of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of its relative standalone prices. However, for the leases of property the Company has elected not to separate non-lease components and account for the lease and nonlease components as a single lease component.

The Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term, unless the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the Company by the end of

the lease term or the cost of the right-of-use asset reflects that the Company will exercise a purchase option. In that case the right-of-use asset will be depreciated over the useful life of the underlying asset, which is determined on the same basis as those of property and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.

The Company determines its incremental borrowing rate by obtaining interest rates from various external financing sources and makes certain adjustments to reflect the terms of the lease and type of the asset leased.

Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following:

- fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments;

- variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;

- amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee; and

- the exercise price under a purchase option that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewal period if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, and penalties for early termination of a lease unless the Company is reasonably certain not to terminate early.

The lease liability is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Company’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, if the Company changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option or if there is a revised in-substance fixed lease payment.

When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company has elected not to recognise right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases of low-value assets and short-term leases, including IT equipment. The Company recognises the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company’s significant leasing arrangements are mainly in respect of factory land and buildings, residential and office premises.

3.3.2 The Company as lessor

At inception or on modification of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative standalone prices.

When the Company acts as a lessor, it determines at lease inception whether each lease is a finance lease or an operating lease.

To classify each lease, the Company makes an overall assessment of whether the lease transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the underlying asset. If this is the case, then the lease is a finance lease; if not, then it is an operating lease. As part of this assessment, the Company considers certain indicators such as whether the lease is for the major part of the economic life of the asset.

When the Company is an intermediate lessor, it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sub-lease separately. It assesses the lease classification of a sub-lease with reference to the right-of-use asset arising from the head lease, not with reference to the underlying asset. If a head lease is a short-term lease to which the Company applies the exemption described above, then it classifies the sub-lease as an operating lease.

If an arrangement contains lease and non-lease components, then the Company applies Ind AS 115 to allocate the consideration in the contract. The Company recognises lease payments received under operating leases as income on a straight line basis over the lease term.

The Company applied the derecognition and impairment requirements in Ind AS 109 to the net investment in the lease.

3.4 Foreign currencies transactions and translation

Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency closing rates of exchange at the reporting date.

Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent of exchange differences which are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs on foreign currency borrowings that are directly attributable to the acquisition or construction of qualifying assets, are capitalized as cost of assets.

Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currencies are not retranslated. Income and expense items in foreign currency are translated at the average exchange rates for the period, unless exchange rates fluctuate significantly during that period, in which case the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions are used.

3.5 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs include:

(i) interest expense calculated using the effective interest rate method,

(ii) interest on lease liabilties, and

(iii) exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

Interest income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation.

All other borrowing costs are recognised in statement of profit and loss in the period in which they are incurred.

3.6 Employee benefits

3.6.1 Short-term employee benefits

All employee benefits falling due wholly within twelve months of rendering the services are classified as short-term employee benefits, which include benefits like salaries, wages, shortterm compensated absences and performance incentives and are recognised as expenses in the period in which the employee renders the related service.

A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid under short-term cash bonus, if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

3.6.2 Post-employment benefits

Payments to defined contribution retirement benefit plans are recognised as an expense when employees have rendered service entitling them to the contributions.

For defined benefit retirement plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period. Remeasurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the changes to the asset ceiling (if applicable) and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Past service cost is recognised in statement of profit and loss in the period of a plan amendment. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or surplus in the Company’s defined benefit plans. Any surplus resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plans or reductions in future contributions to the plans.

A liability for a termination benefit is recognised at the earlier of when the entity can no longer withdraw the offer of the termination benefit and when the entity recognises any related restructuring costs. If benefits are not expected

to be settled wholly within 12 months of the reporting date, then they are discounted.

3.6.3 Compensated absences

The Company has a policy on compensated absences which are both accumulating and non-accumulating in nature. The expected cost of accumulating compensated absences is determined by actuarial valuation performed by an independent actuary at each balance sheet date using the projected unit credit method on the additional amount expected to be paid/availed as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the balance sheet date. Expense on non-accumulating compensated absences is recognised in the period in which the absences occur.

3.6.4 Defined contribution plan

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan where the Company’s legal or constructive obligation is limited to the amount that it contributes to a separate legal entity. The Company makes specified monthly contributions towards Government administered provident fund scheme. Obligations for contributions to defined contribution plan are expensed as an employee benefits expense in the statement of profit and loss in period in which the related service is provided by the employee. Prepaid contributions are recognised as an asset to the extent that a cash refund or a reduction in future payments is available.

:.7 Share-based payment arrangements

3.7.1 Share-based payment transactions of the Company

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees and others providing similar services are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date.

The fair value determined at the grant date of the equity-settled share-based payments is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the Company’s estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest, with a corresponding increase in equity. At the end of each reporting period, the Company revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognised in statement of profit and loss such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimate,

with a corresponding adjustment to the equity-settled employee benefits reserve.

3.7.2 Cash settled share-based payment transactions of the Company

The fair value of the amount payable to employees in respect of cash settled share based payments is recognised as an expense with the corresponding increase in liabilities, over the period during which the employees becoming unconditionally entitled to payment. The liability is remeasured at each reporting date and at settlement date based on the fair value of the underlying options. Any changes in the liability are recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

3.7.3 Share-based payment transactions of the acquiree in a business combination

When the share-based payment awards held by the employees of an acquiree (acquiree awards) are replaced by the Company’s share-based payment awards (replacement awards), both the acquiree awards and the replacement awards are measured in accordance with Ind AS 102 (“market-based measure”) at the acquisition date. The portion of the replacement awards that is included in measuring the consideration transferred in a business combination equals the market-based measure of the acquiree awards multiplied by the ratio of the portion of the vesting period completed to the greater of the total vesting period or the original vesting period of the acquiree award. The excess of the market-based measure of the replacement awards over the market-based measure of the acquiree awards included in measuring the consideration transferred is recognised as remuneration cost for post-combination service.

However, when the acquiree awards expire as a consequence of a business combination and the Company replaces those awards when it does not have an obligation to do so, the replacement awards are measured at their market-based measure in accordance with Ind AS 102. All of the market-based measure of the replacement awards is recognised as remuneration cost for post-combination service.

3.8 Income tax

Income tax expense represents the sum of current tax and deferred tax. The Company has determined that interest and penalties related to income taxes, including uncertain tax treatments, do not meet the definition of income taxes, and therefore accounted for them under Ind AS 37

Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.

3.8.1 Current tax

Current tax is calculated based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from ‘profit before tax’ as reported in the standalone statement of profit and loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company’s current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Current tax assets and liabilities are offset only if there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts, and it is intended to realise the asset and settle the liability on a net basis or simultaneously.

3.8.2 Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilised. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit. In addition, deferred tax liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of goodwill.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets include Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws in India, which is likely to give future economic benefits in the form of availability of set-off against future tax liability. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as deferred tax asset in the balance sheet when the asset can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with the asset will be realised.

Current and deferred tax are recognised in statement of profit and loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively. Where current tax or deferred tax arises from the initial accounting for a business combination, the tax effect is included in the accounting for the business combination.

If the amount of taxable temporary differences is insufficient to recognise a deferred tax asset in full, then future taxable profits, adjusted for reversals of existing temporary differences, are considered.

3.9 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Properties in the course of construction for production, supply or administrative purposes are carried at cost, less any recognised impairment loss. Cost includes professional fees and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalised in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy. Such properties are classified to the appropriate categories of property, plant and equipment when completed and ready for intended use. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

The non refundable payments made with respect to land taken on lease (where there is an option to purchase the same at the end of the lease period) is classified under Property, plant and Equipment as “Lease hold Land”.

Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives, using the straightline method. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Depreciation on property, plant and equipment has been provided on the straight-line method as per the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 except in respect of the following categories of assets, in whose case the life of the assets has been assessed to be different and are as under based on technical advice, taking into account the nature of the asset, the estimated usage of the asset, the operating conditions of the asset, past history of replacement, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers warranties and maintenance support, etc.:

Plant and equipments : 3 to 20 years

Factory buildings : 5 to 30 years

Freehold land is not depreciated.

Asset held under finance leases are depreciated as per Ind AS 116.

Individual assets costing less than ' 5,000 are depreciated in full in the year of purchase.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in statement of profit and loss.

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each financial year-end and adjusted if appropriate.

If significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.

Asset held for sale

The Company categorises Non-current assets and liabilities as ”held for sale”, when there is a proposal/ intention to sell an asset or group of assets in its present condition.

The assets held for sale are carried at cost or fair value less costs related to disposal, which ever is lower and are not subject to depreciation.

3.10 Investment property

Properties that is held for long-term rentals or for capital appreciation or both, and that is not occupied by the Company, is classified as ‘investment property’. Investment property is measured initially at its cost, including related transaction costs and where applicable borrowing costs. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised to the asset’s carrying amount only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repairs and maintenance costs are expensed when incurred. When part of the investment property is replaced, the carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognised.

Investment property are depreciated using the straight line method over their estimated useful lives. Investment properties generally have a useful life of 25-60 years. The useful life has been determined based on technical evaluation performed by the management’s expert.

Investment properties are derecognised on disposal or when the investment properties are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal. The gains or losses from the disposal of investment properties are determined as difference between the carrying amount of the investment properties and the net disposal proceeds and are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which it is disposed.

Transfers to (or from) investment property are made only when there is a change in use. Transfers between investment property, owner-occupied property do not change the carrying amount of the property transferred and they do not change the cost of that property for measurement or disclosure purposes.

3.11 Intangible assets

3.11.1 Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated

impairment losses. Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses, if any. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized and tested for impairment annually.

3.11.2 Internally-generated intangible assets -research and development expenditure

Expenditure on research activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.

An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognised if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

- the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;

- the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

- the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

- how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

- the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

- the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The amount initially recognised for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally-generated intangible asset can be recognised, development expenditure is recognised in statement of profit and loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

3.11.3 Intangible assets acquired in a business combination

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination and recognised separately from goodwill are initially recognised at their fair value at the acquisition date (which is regarded as their cost).

Subsequent to initial recognition, intangible assets acquired in a business combination are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

3.11.4 Derecognition of intangible assets

An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, are recognised in statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognised.

3.11.5 Useful lives of intangible assets

Intangible assets are amortised over their estimated useful life on straight line method as follows:

Registration and Brands : 10 years to 25 years Software Licenses : 5 years

3.12 Impairment of assets

3.12.1 Impairment of financial assets:

The Company assesses at each date of balance sheet, whether a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. Ind AS 109 requires expected credit losses to be measured through a loss allowance. The Company recognises lifetime expected losses for all contract assets and / or all trade receivables that do not constitute a financing transaction. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the twelve-month expected credit losses or at an amount equal to the life time expected credit losses if the credit risk on the financial asset has increased significantly, since initial recognition.

3.12.2 Impairment of investment in subsidiaries and associates

The Company reviews its carrying value of investments in subsidiaries and associates at cost, annually, or more frequently when there is an indication for impairment. If the recoverable

amount is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is accounted for.

3.12.3 Impairment of non-financial assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). For impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or CGUs. When a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pretax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cashgenerating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in statement of profit and loss.

When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a cashgenerating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in statement of profit and loss.