2. Material accounting policies

(a) Basis of preparation of standalone financial statements

The standalone financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as amended from time to time) and presentation requirements of Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013, (Ind AS compliant Schedule III), as applicable to the standalone financials statements.

The standalone financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for certain assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value at the end of the reporting period, as explained further in the accounting policies below. The standalone financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (“INR/ ?”) and all values are rounded to the nearest Million (INR 000,000), except when otherwise indicated.

(b) Use of estimates, assumptions and judgments

The preparation of the standalone financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires the management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities,

the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities on the date of the standalone financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the year reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the year in which the estimates are revised and future periods are affected.

Impairment offinancial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company assesses impairment of financial assets (‘Financial instruments’) and recognises expected credit losses, which are measured through a loss allowance.

The Company provides for impairment of investment in subsidiaries. Impairment exists when there is a diminution in value of the investment and the recoverable value of such investment is lower than the carrying value of such investment.

The Company provides for impairment of trade receivables based on assumptions about risk of default and expected timing of collection. The Company uses judgement in making these assumptions and selecting inputs to the impairment calculation, based on the Company’s past history, customer’s creditworthiness, existing market conditions as well as forward looking estimates at the end of each reporting period.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or cash generating unit (“CGU”) exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The fair value less costs of disposal calculation is based on available data from binding sales transactions, conducted at arm’s length, for similar assets or observable market prices less incremental costs for disposing of the asset. The value in use calculation is based on a discounted cash how (“DCF”) model. The cash hows are derived from the budget for future years and do not include restructuring activities that the Company is not yet committed to or significant future investments that will enhance the asset’s performance of the CGU being tested. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model as well as the expected future cash-inflows and the growth rate used for extrapolation purposes.

Defined benefit plans

The cost of the defined benefit gratuity plan and other post-employment benefits and the present value of the gratuity obligation is determined using actuarial valuation. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. AH assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date (refer note 38(b)).

The parameter most subject to change is the discount rate. In determining the appropriate discount rate for plans operated in India, the management considers the interest rates of government bonds where remaining maturity of such bond correspond to expected term of defined benefit obligation.

The mortality rate is based on publicly available mortality tables. These mortality tables tend to change only at interval in response to demographic changes. Future salary increases and gratuity increases are based on expected future inflation rates.

FairValue measurement offinancial instruments

When the fairvalues offinancial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using internal valuation techniques. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values. Judgements include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments. Also refer note 2(e).

Share-based payments (Employee Stock Appreciation Plan)

Estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions requires determination of the most appropriate valuation model, which is dependent on the terms and conditions of the grant. This estimate also requires determination of the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model including the expected life of the share option, volatility and dividend yield and making assumptions about them.

The assumptions and models used for estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions are disclosed in note 45.

Taxes

The Company’s majortaxjurisdictions is in India. Significant judgments are involved in determining the provision for income taxes and tax credits, including the amount expected to be paid or refunded (refer note 33).

Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the losses can be utilized. Significant management judgement is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognized, based upon the likely timing and the level of future taxable profits together with future tax planning strategies.

Leases

Ind AS 116 requires lessees to determine the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease adjusted with any option to extend or terminate the lease, if the use of such option is reasonably certain. The Company makes an assessment on the expected lease term on a lease-by-lease basis and thereby assesses whether it is reasonably certain that any options to extend or terminate the contract will be exercised. In evaluating the lease term, the Company considers factors such as any significant leasehold improvements undertaken over the lease term, costs relating to the termination of the lease and the importance of the underlying asset to Company’s operations taking into account the location of the underlying asset and the availability of suitable alternatives. The lease term in future periods is reassessed to ensure that the lease term reflects the current economic circumstances. After considering current and future economic conditions, the Company has concluded that no changes are required to lease period relating to the existing lease contracts [Refer to note 2(l)].

(c) Currentversus non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/non-current classification.

An asset is treated as current when it is:

• expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle;

• held primarily for the purpose of trading;

• expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period; or

• cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

• expected to be settled in normal operating cycle;

• held primarily for the purpose of trading;

• due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period; or

• there is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

The terms of the liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification

The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.

(d) Foreign currencies

The standalone financial statements are presented in Indian Rupee (?), which is also the Company’s functional currency. Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Company at their respective functional currency spot rates at the date, the transaction first qualifies for recognition. However, for practical reasons, the Company uses an average rate, if the average approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange at the reporting date. Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in the standalone statement of profit and loss.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign

currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognized in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) or the statement of profit or loss are also recognized in OCI or the statement of profit or loss, respectively).

(e) Fair value measurement

The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market for the asset or liability or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest. A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs. AH assets and liabilities for which fairvalue is measured or disclosed in the standalone financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fairvalue measurement as a whole:

• Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

• Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

• Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

The Company’s management determines the policies and procedures for fair value measurement. External valuers are involved, wherever considered necessary.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy, as explained above. This note summarizes accounting policy for fair value and the other fair value related disclosures are given in the relevant notes.

(f) Revenue from contract with customer

The Company earns revenue from contract with customer primarily from sale of goods.

Revenue from contract with customers is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods. The Company has generally concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, because it typically controls the goods or services before transferring them to the customer, it is the primary obligor in all the revenue arrangements as it has pricing latitude and is also exposed to inventory and credit risks.

Contract assets

A contract asset is the right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to the customer. If the Company performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, a contract asset is recognized for the earned consideration that is conditional.

Revenues in excess of invoicing are classified as contract assets (which we refer to as Unbilled Revenue)

The specific recognition criteria described below must also be met before revenue is recognized.

Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognized at the point in time when control of the asset is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the goods.

The revenue is collected immediately upon sale of goods or as per agreed credit terms which is within 0 to 365 days upon delivery.

The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated.

Variable Consideration

Rights of return, volume discounts, or any other form of variable consideration is estimated using either the sum of probability weighted amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts (expected value), or the single most likely amount in a range of possible consideration amounts (most likely amount), depending on which method better predicts the amount of consideration realizable. Transaction price includes variable consideration only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenues recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price may involve judgment and are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information that is reasonably available to us.

Sale of Services

Revenue from service contracts are recognized as per the contractual terms as and when the services are rendered. No further obligations remains and the collection is probable.

Interest income

For all financial instruments measured at amortized cost, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. When calculating EIR, the Company estimates the expected cash hows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider the expected credit losses. Interest income is included in other income in the standalone statement of profit and loss.

Export benefits

Export entitlements in the form of Merchandise Export from India (MEIS) and Duty Entitlement Pass Book / draw back (DEPB) are recognized in the standalone statement of profit

and loss when the right to receive credit as per the terms of the scheme is established in respect of exports made and when there is no significant uncertainty regarding the ultimate collection of the relevant export proceeds.

Dividend

Revenue is recognized when the Company's right to receive the payment is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.

(g) Government grants

Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in equal amounts over the expected useful life of the related asset.

When the Company receives grants of non-monetary assets, the asset and the grant are recorded at fair value amounts and released to the standalone statement of profit or loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption of the benefit of the underlying asset i.e. by equal annual instalments. When loans or similar assistance are provided by governments or related institutions, with an interest rate below the current applicable market rate, the effect of this favorable interest is regarded as a government grant. The loan or assistance is initially recognized and measured at fair value and the government grant is measured as the difference between the initial carrying value of the loan and the proceeds received. The loan is subsequently measured as per the accounting policy applicable to financial liabilities.

Government grants related to expenditure on property, plant and equipment are credited to the statement of profit and loss over the useful lives of qualifying assets or other systematic basis representative of the pattern of fulfilment of obligations associated with the grant received. Grants received less amounts credited to the statement of profit and loss at the reporting date are included in the balance sheet as other liabilities.

(h) Taxes

Current income tax

Tax Expense comprises of current tax and deferred tax and is recognized in the standalone statement of profit and loss

Current income tax assets and liabilities is the amount of income tax determined to be payable/recoverable in respect of taxable income as computed in accordance with the Income Tax Act, 1961 enacted in India. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.

Current income tax relating to items recognized outside the standalone statement of profit or loss is recognized outside the standalone statement of profit or loss (either in OCI or in equity in correlation to the underlying transaction). Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The Company shall reflect the effect of uncertainty for each uncertain tax treatment by using either most likely method or expected value method, depending on which method predicts better resolution of the treatment.

Deferred income tax

Deferred income tax is recognized using the balance sheet approach, deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences at the balance sheet date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes, except when the deferred income tax arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction.

Deferred income tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.

The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax asset to be utilized.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date.

(i) Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment and capital-work-in progress are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects, if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognized in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement, if the recognition criteria are satisfied. AH other repair and maintenance costs are recognized in the standalone statement of profit or loss as incurred.

Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of the assets, as specified in Schedule II to the Act except in case of certain assets wherein depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated by the management. The management believes that these estimated useful lives are realistic and reflect fair approximation of the period over which the assets are likely to be used.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de-recognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the standalone statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

(j) Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalised development costs, are not capitalised and the related expenditure is reflected in the standalone statement of profit or loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred.

Intangible assets are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment, whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. The amortization expense on intangible assets is recognized in the standalone statement of profit and loss.

Gains or losses arising from de-recognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the standalone statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.

A summary of amortization policies applied to the Company’s intangible assets, is as below:

(k) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.

(l) Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is or contains a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is or contains a lease if fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.

The Company as a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.

Right-of-use assets

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset.

The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in section (n) Impairment of non-financial assets.

Lease Liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless they are incurred to produce inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.

In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.

The Companies lease liabilities are included in Interest-bearing loans and borrowings (refer note 18(b)).

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases of assets (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option).

It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases of assets that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company as a lessor

Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognized as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

Leases are classified as finance leases when substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership transfer from the Company to the lessee. Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recorded as receivables at the Company’s net investment in the leases. Finance lease income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment outstanding in respect of the lease.

(m) Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition are accounted for as follows:

• Raw materials: Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. However, materials and other items held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost.

• Finished goods and work-in-progress: Cost includes cost of direct materials and labour and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on the normal operating capacity, but excluding borrowing costs.

• Traded goods: Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Cost is determined on a weighted average basis. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

(n) Impairment of non-financial assets

The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s (“CGU”) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or Companies of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash hows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.

The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Company’s CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations generally cover a period of five years. For longer periods, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash hows after the fifth year. To estimate cash how projections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets/forecasts, the Company extrapolates cash how projections in the budget using a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent years, unless an increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term average growth rate for the products, industries, or country in which the entity operates, orforthe market in which the asset is used.

For assets excluding goodwill, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset’s or CGU’s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized.

The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the standalone statement of profit or loss, unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case, the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.

(o) Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the standalone statement of profit and loss, net of any reimbursement.

If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

Provision for warranty is recognized based on the historical experience and future estimate claims by the management. The estimate of such warranty related costs is revised annually.

(p) Retirement and other employee benefits

Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund and employee state insurance which are defined contribution schemes. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund and employee state insurance. The Company recognizes contribution payable to the provident fund and employee state insurance scheme as an expense, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognized as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognized as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.

The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan in India, which requires contributions to be made to a separately administered fund i.e. Employee’s Company Gratuity cum Life Assurance Scheme of Life Insurance Corporation of India. The cost of providing benefits under the defined benefit plan is determined using the projected unit credit method. Re-measurements, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in the standalone balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Re-measurements are not reclassified to the standalone statement of profit or loss in subsequent periods.

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The Company recognizes changes in the net defined benefit obligation which includes service costs comprising current service costs, past-service costs, gains and losses on curtailments and non-routine settlements; and net interest expense or income, as an expense in the standalone statement of profit and loss.

Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilized within the next twelve months, is treated as short-term employee benefit. The Company measures the expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting date. The Company treats accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long-term employee benefit for measurement purposes. Such long-term compensated absences are provided for based on the actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method at the year-end. The Company presents the leave as a current liability in the standalone balance sheet, to the extent it does not have an unconditional right to defer its settlement for twelve months after the reporting date. Where the Company has the unconditional legal and contractual right to defer the settlement for a period beyond twelve months, the same is presented as non-current liability.

(q) Share-based payment (Employee Stock Appreciation Plan)

Employees (including senior executives) of the Company receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (equity-settled transactions).

Equity-settled transactions

The cost of equity-settled transactions is determined by the fair value at the date when the grant is made using an appropriate valuation model.

That cost is recognized, together with a corresponding increase in share-based payment (SBP) reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled in employee benefits expense. The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Company’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The standalone statement of profit and loss expense or credit for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognized as at the beginning and end of that period and is recognized in employee benefits expense.

Service and non-market performance conditions are not taken into account when determining the grant date fair value of awards, but the likelihood of the conditions being met is assessed as part of the Company’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. Market performance conditions are reflected within the grant date fair value. Any other conditions attached to an award, but without an associated service requirement, are considered to be non-vesting conditions. Non-vesting conditions are reflected in the fair value of an award and lead to an immediate expensing of an award unless there are also service and/or performance conditions.

No expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest because non-market performance and/or service conditions have not been met. Where awards include a market or non-vesting condition, the transactions are treated as vested irrespective of whether the market or non-vesting condition is satisfied, provided that all other performance and/or service conditions are satisfied.

When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the expense had the terms had not been modified, if the original terms of the award are met. An additional expense is recognized for any modification that increases the total fair value of the share-based payment transaction, or is otherwise beneficial to the employee as measured at the date of modification. Where an award is cancelled by the entity or by the counterparty, any remaining element of the fair value of the award is expensed immediately through profit or loss.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

(r) Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets are classified, at initial recognition, as subsequently measured at amortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (OCI), and fair value through profit or loss.

The classification of financial assets at initial recognition depends on the financial asset’s contractual cash how characteristics and the Company’s business model for managing them. With the exception of trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component or for which the Company has applied the practical expedient, the Company initially measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs. Trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component or for which the Company has applied the practical expedient are measured at the transaction price determined under Ind AS 115.

In order for a financial asset to be classified and measured at amortized cost or fair value through OCI, it needs to give rise to cash hows that are ‘solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI)’ on the principal amount outstanding. This assessment is referred to as the SPPI test and is performed at an instrument level.

Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in belowcategories:

• Debt instruments at amortized cost

• Debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

• Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at fairvalue through profit or loss (FVTPL)

A ‘debt instrument’ is measured at the amortized cost, if both the following conditions are met:

(i) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash hows; and

(ii) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash hows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. This category generally applies to trade and other receivables.

A ‘debt instrument’ is classified as FVTOCI, if both of the following criteria are met:

(i) The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash hows and selling the financial assets; and

(ii) The asset’s contractual cash hows represent SPPI.

Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fairvalue movements are recognized in OCI.

FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL. Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the standalone statement of profit or loss.

All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fairvalue with all changes recognized in the standalone statement of profit or loss.

Investment in subsidiary

Investments in subsidiary are carried at cost less provision for impairment, if any.

De-recognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a Company of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognized (i.e. removed from the balance sheet) when:

• The rights to receive cash hows from the asset have expired; or

• The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash hows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash hows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through’ arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.

Impairment offinancial assets

In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the financial assets and credit risk exposure. The Company follows ‘simplified approach’ for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.

ECL is the difference between all contractual cash hows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash hows that the Company expects to receive (i.e., all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original Effective interest rate (‘EIR’). ECL allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is considered as income/ expense in the standalone statement of profit and loss. This amount is reflected under the head ‘other expenses’ in the standalone statement of profit or loss.

The Company uses a provision matrix based on age to determine impairment loss allowance on portfolio of its trade receivables.

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

AH financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and in case of borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs. The Company’s financial liabilities include borrowings, lease liabilities, trade and other payables, and derivative financial instruments.

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification. Financial liabilities at fair value through the standalone statement of profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as fair value through profit or loss. Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognized in the standalone statement of profit or loss.

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in OCI. These gains/loss are not subsequently transferred to profit or loss. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. AH other changes in fair value of such liability are recognized in the standalone statement of profit or loss.

Loans and borrowings

Borrowings is the category most relevant to the Company. After initial recognition, interest-bearing borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in standalone statement of profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process.

Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance costs in the standalone statement of profit and loss.

Financial guarantee

Financial guarantee issued by the Company that require a payment to be made to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because the specified debtor fails to make a payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument, is recognized initially as a liability at fair value, adjusted for transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantee. Subsequently, the liability is measured at the higher of the amount of loss allowance determined as per impairment requirements of Ind AS 109 and the amount recognized less cumulative amortization.

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expired. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the de-recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the standalone statement of profit or loss.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the standalone balance sheet, if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

(s) Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, interest rate swap to hedge its foreign currency risks and interest rate risks. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative. Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to the standalone statement of profit and loss.

Any derivative that is either not designated as a hedge or is so designated but is ineffective as per Ind AS 109, is categorized as a financial asset or financial liability, at fair value through statement of profit and loss. Derivative designated as hedge and is effective as per Ind AS 109, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in other comprehensive income.

(t) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents in the standalone balance sheet

(u) Standalone statement of cash flow

Cash hows are reported usingthe indirect method, whereby profit/(loss) for the period is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash hows. The cash hows from operating, investing and financing activities ofthe Company are segregated.

(v) Cash dividend to equity holders

The Company recognises a liability to make cash distributions to equity holders when the distribution is authorised and the distribution is no longer at the discretion of the Company. As per the corporate laws in India, a distribution is authorised when it is approved by the shareholders. A corresponding amount is recognized directly in equity.