1.    Company Information

Tata Steel Limited ("the Company") is a public limited Company incorporated in India with its registered office in Bombay House 24, Homi Modi Street Fort, Mumbai-400 001, Maharashtra, India. The Company is listed on the BSE Limited (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE).

The Company has presence across the entire value chain of steel manufacturing from mining and processing iron ore and coal to producing and distributing finished products. The Company offers a broad range of steel products including a portfolio of high value added downstream products such as hot rolled, cold rolled, coated steel, rebars, wire rods, tubes and wires.

The functional and presentation currency of the Company is Indian Rupee ("?") which is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates.

As on March 31, 2024, Tata Sons Private Limited owns 31.76% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company and has the ability to influence the Company's operations.

The financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024 were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on May 29, 2024.

2.    Material accounting policies

The material accounting policies applied by the Company in the preparation of its financial statements are listed below. Such accounting policies have been applied consistently to all the periods presented in these financial statements, unless otherwise indicated.

(a)    Statement of compliance

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (referred to as "Ind AS") prescribed under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, as amended from time to time and other relevant provisions of the Act.

(b)    Basis of preparation

The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention with the exception of certain assets and liabilities that are required to be carried at fair value by Ind AS.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Company's normal operating cycle which is based on the nature of businesses and the time elapsed between deployment of resources and the realisation of cash and cash equivalents. The Company has considered an operating cycle of 12 months.

(c) Use of estimates and critical accounting judgements

I n the preparation of the financial statements, the Company makes judgements in the application of accounting policies; and estimates and assumptions which affects carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised and future periods affected.

The Company uses the following critical accounting estimates and judgements in preparation of its financial statements.

Impairment

The Company estimates the recoverable value of the cash generating unit (CGU) based on future cash flows after considering current economic conditions and trends, estimated future operating results and growth rates and anticipated future economic and regulatory conditions and the impact of climate change which may result in a change of current production process given the decarbonisation plan of the Group. The estimated cash flows are developed using internal forecasts. The cash flows are discounted using a suitable discount rate in order to calculate the present value. Further details of the Company's impairment review and key assumptions are set out in note 3, page F44, note 4, page F49, note 5, page F52 and note 6, page F54.

Impairment of financial assets (other than subsequent measurement at fair value)

Measurement of impairment of financial assets require use of estimates and judgements, which have been explained in the note on financial instruments under impairment of financial assets. (refer note 2(m), page F38).

Useful lives of property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets and intangible assets

The Company reviews the useful life of property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets and intangible assets at the end of each reporting period. This reassessment may result in change in depreciation and amortisation expense in future periods. The policy has been detailed in note 2(e), page F34, note 2(j), page F36 and note 2(k), page F36.

Provisions and contingent liabilities

A provision is recognised when the Company has a present obligation, legal or constructive, as result of a past event and it is probable that the outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. They include provisions on decommissioning, site restoration and environmental provisions as well which may change where changes in estimated reserves affect expectations about the timing or cost of these activities. All provisions are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

The Company uses significant judgements to assess contingent liabilities. Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past event where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be utilised to settle the obligation or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made. Contingent assets are neither recognised nor disclosed in the financial statements. Further details are set out in note 19, page F89 and note 34(A), page F105.

Fair value measurements of financial instruments

When the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques including Discounted Cash Flow Model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values. Judgements include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risks, credit risks and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments. Further details are set out in note 37, page F113.

Leases

The Company evaluates if an arrangement qualifies to be a lease as per the requirements of Ind AS 116 "Leases". Identification of a lease requires significant judgement in assessing the lease term including anticipated renewals and the applicable discount rate.

The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, if that rate can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company uses incremental borrowing rate.

Retirement benefit obligations

The Company's retirement benefit obligations are subject to a number of assumptions including discount rates, inflation, salary growth and mortality rate. Significant assumptions are required when setting these criteria and a change in these assumptions would have a significant impact on the amount recorded in the Company's balance sheet and the statement of profit and loss. The Company sets these assumptions based on previous experience and third party actuarial advice. The assumptions are reviewed annually and adjusted following actuarial and experience changes. Further details on the Company's retirement benefit obligations, including key assumptions are set out in note 33, page F98.

(d) Business combination under common control

Business combinations involving entities or businesses under common control are accounted for using the pooling of interest method. Under pooling of interest method, the assets and liabilities of the combining entities or businesses are reflected at their carrying amounts after making adjustments necessary to harmonise the accounting policies. The financial information in the financial statements in respect of prior

periods is restated as if the business combination had occurred from the beginning of the preceding period in the financial statements, irrespective of the actual date of the combination. The identity of the reserves is preserved in the same form in which they appeared in the financial statements of the transferor and the difference, if any, between the amount recorded as share capital issued plus any additional consideration in the form of cash or other assets and the amount of share capital of the transferor is transferred to capital reserve.

(e) Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost or deemed cost applied on transition to Ind AS, less accumulated depreciation and impairment. Cost includes all direct costs and expenditures incurred to bring the asset to its working condition and location for its intended use. Trial run expenses are capitalised. Borrowing costs incurred during the period of construction is capitalised as part of cost of qualifying asset.

Depreciation is provided so as to write off, on a straight line basis, the cost / deemed cost of property, plant and equipment to their residual value. These charges are commenced from the dates the assets are available for their intended use and are spread over their estimated useful economic lives. The estimated useful lives of assets, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed regularly and revised when necessary.

Depreciation on assets under construction commences only when the assets are ready for their intended use.

The estimated useful lives for the main categories of property, plant and equipment are:

Property, plant and equipment are evaluated for recoverability wherever there is any indication that their carrying value may not be recoverable. If any such

indication exists, the recoverable amount is higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use is determined on an individual asset basis under the asset that does not generate cash flow that are largely independent from the assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash generating unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a tax free discount rate that reflects current market assessment of the time value of money and the risk specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

If the recoverable value of an asset (CGU) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (CGU) is reduced to its recoverable value. An impairment loss is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Mining assets are amortised over the useful life of the mine or lease period whichever is lower. For certain mining assets, where unit of production is considered to be more reflective of the pattern of use, amortisation is done based on unit of production method.

Major furnace relining expenses are depreciated over a period of 10 years (average expected life).

Freehold land is not depreciated.

•    For these class of assets, based on internal assessment and independent technical evaluation carried out by chartered engineers, the Company and some of its subsidiaries believe that the useful lives as given above best represent the period over which such Company expects to use these assets. Hence the useful lives for these assets are different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013.

(f) Exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources

Expenditures associated with search for specific mineral resources are recognised as exploration and evaluation assets. The following expenditure comprises cost of exploration and evaluation assets:

•    obtaining of the rights to explore and evaluate mineral reserves and resources including costs directly related to this acquisition

•    researching and analysing existing exploration data

•    conducting geological studies, exploratory drilling and sampling

•    examining and testing extraction and treatment methods

•    compiling pre-feasibility and feasibility studies

•    activities in relation to evaluating the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource.

Administration and other overhead costs are charged to the cost of exploration and evaluation assets only if directly related to an exploration and evaluation project.

I f a project does not prove viable, all irrecoverable exploration and evaluation expenditure associated with the project net of any related impairment allowances is written off to the statement of profit and loss.

The Company measures its exploration and evaluation assets at cost and classifies as property, plant and equipment or intangible assets according to the nature of the assets acquired and applies the classification consistently. To the extent that a tangible asset is consumed in developing an intangible asset, the amount reflecting that consumption is capitalised as a part of the cost of the intangible asset.

As the capitalised exploration asset is not available for use, it is not depreciated. All exploration and evaluation assets are monitored for indications of impairment. An exploration and evaluation asset is no longer classified as such when the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource are demonstrable and the development of the deposit is sanctioned by the management. The carrying value of such exploration and evaluation asset is reclassified to mining assets.

(g) Development expenditure for mineral reserves

Development is the establishment of access to mineral reserves and other preparations for commercial production. Development activities often continue during production and include:

•    sinking shafts and underground drifts (often called mine development)

•    making permanent excavations

•    developing passageways and rooms or galleries

•    building roads and tunnels and

•    advance removal of overburden and waste rock.

Development (or construction) also includes the installation of infrastructure (e.g., roads, utilities and housing), machinery, equipment and facilities.

Development expenditure is capitalised and presented as part of mining assets. No depreciation is charged on the development expenditure before the start of commercial production.

(h)    Provision for restoration and environmental costs

The Company has liabilities related to restoration of soil and other related works, which are due upon the closure of certain of its mining sites.

Such liabilities are estimated case-by-case based on available information, considering applicable local legal requirements. The estimation is made using existing technology, at current prices, and discounted using an appropriate discount rate where the effect of time value of money is material. Future restoration and environmental costs, discounted to net present value, are capitalised and the corresponding restoration liability is raised as soon as the obligation to incur such costs arises. Future restoration and environmental costs are capitalised in property, plant and equipment or mining assets as appropriate and are depreciated over the life of the related asset. The effect of time value of money on the restoration and environmental costs liability is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

(i)    Stripping Costs

The Company separates two different types of stripping costs that are incurred in surface mining activity:

•    developmental stripping costs and

•    production stripping costs

Developmental stripping costs which are incurred in order to obtain access to quantities of mineral reserves that will be mined in future periods are capitalised as part of mining assets.

Capitalisation of developmental stripping costs ends when the commercial production of the mineral reserves begins. A mine can operate several open pits that are

regarded as separate operations for the purpose of mine planning and production. In this case, stripping costs are accounted for separately, by reference to the ore extracted from each separate pit. If, however, the pits are highly integrated for the purpose of mine planning and production, stripping costs are aggregated too.

The determination of whether multiple pit mines are considered separate or integrated operations depends on each mine's specific circumstances. The following factors normally point towards the stripping costs for the individual pits being accounted for separately:

•    mining of the second and subsequent pits is conducted consecutively with that of the first pit, rather than concurrently

•    separate investment decisions are made to develop each pit, rather than a single investment decision being made at the outset

•    the pits are operated as separate units in terms of mine planning and the sequencing of overburden and ore mining, rather than as an integrated unit

•    expenditures for additional infrastructure to support the second and subsequent pits are relatively large

•    the pits extract ore from separate and distinct ore bodies, rather than from a single ore body.

The relative importance of each factor is considered by the management to determine whether, the stripping costs should be attributed to the individual pit or to the combined output from the several pits.

Production stripping costs are incurred to extract the ore in the form of inventories and/or to improve access to an additional component of an ore body or deeper levels of material. Production stripping costs are accounted for as inventories to the extent the benefit from production stripping activity is realised in the form of inventories.

The Company recognises a stripping activity asset in the production phase if, and only if, all of the following are met:

•    it is probable that the future economic benefit (improved access to the ore body) associated with the stripping activity will flow to the Company

•    the Company can identify the component of the ore body for which access has been improved and

•    the costs relating to the improved access to that component can be measured reliably.

Such costs are presented within mining assets. After initial recognition, stripping activity assets are carried at cost/deemed cost, less accumulated amortisation and impairment. The expected useful life of the identified component of the ore body is used to depreciate or amortise the stripping asset.

(j) Intangible assets

Software costs and other intangible assets are included in the balance sheet as intangible assets when it is probable that associated future economic benefits would flow to the Company. In this case they are measured initially at purchase cost and then amortised on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

Subsequent to initial recognition, intangible assets with definite useful lives are reported at cost or deemed cost applied on transition to Ind AS, less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

Intangible assets are evaluated for recoverability wherever there is any indication that their carrying value may not be recoverable. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount is higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use is determined on an individual asset basis under the asset that does not generate cash flow that are largely independent from the assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash generating unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.

If the recoverable value of an asset (CGU) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (CGU) is reduced to its recoverable value. An impairment loss is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

(k) Leases

The Company determines whether an arrangement contains a lease by assessing whether the fulfilment of a transaction is dependent on the use of a specific

asset and whether the transaction conveys the right to control the use of that asset to the Company in return for payment.

The Company as lessee

The Company accounts for each lease component within the contract as a lease separately from non-lease components of the contract and allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of the relative stand-alone price of the lease component and the aggregate stand-alone price of the non-lease components. The Company recognises right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term at the lease commencement date. The cost of the right-of-use asset measured at inception comprises of the amount of initial measurement of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date.

Certain lease arrangements include options to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the lease term. The right-of-use assets and lease liabilities include these options when it is reasonably certain that such options would be exercised.

The right-of-use assets are subsequently measured at cost less any accumulated depreciation, accumulated impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for any remeasurement of the lease liability. The right-of-use assets are depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date over the shorter of lease term or useful life of right-of-use asset.

Right-of-use assets are tested for impairment whenever there is any indication that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Impairment loss, if any, is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Lease liability is measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date of the lease. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, if that rate can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company uses incremental borrowing rate. The lease liability is subsequently remeasured by increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability, reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made and remeasuring the carrying amount to reflect any reassessment or lease

modifications. The Company recognises the amount of the re-measurement of lease liability as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset. Where the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset is reduced to zero and there is a further reduction in the measurement of the lease liability, the Company recognises any remaining amount of the remeasurement in the statement of profit and loss.

Variable lease payments not included in the measurement of the lease liabilities are expensed to the statement of profit and loss in the period in which the events or conditions which trigger those payments occur.

Payment made towards leases for which non-cancellable term is 12 months or lesser (short-term leases) and low value leases are recognised in the statement of Profit and Loss as rental expenses over the tenor of such leases.

The Company as lessor

(i)    Operating lease - Rental income from operating leases is recognised in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which economic benefits from the leased asset is diminished. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying value of the leased asset and recognised on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(ii)    Finance lease - When assets are leased out under a finance lease, the present value of minimum lease payments is recognised as a receivable. The difference between the gross receivable and the present value of receivable is recognised as unearned finance income. Lease income is recognised over the term of the lease using the net investment method before tax, which reflects a constant periodic rate of return. Such rate is the interest rate which is implicit in the lease contract.

(l) Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures

Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures are carried at cost/deemed cost applied on transition to Ind AS, less accumulated impairment losses, if any. Where an indication of impairment exists, the carrying amount of investment is assessed and an impairment provision is recognised, if required immediately to its recoverable

Financial assets measured at fair value

Financial assets are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if such financial assets are held within a business model whose objective is to hold these assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and to sell such financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

The Company in respect of certain equity investments (other than in associates and joint ventures) which are not held for trading has made an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value of such equity instruments. Such an election is made by the Company on an instrument by instrument basis at the time of initial recognition of such equity investments. These investments are held for medium or long-term strategic purpose. The Company has chosen to designate these investments in equity instruments as fair value through other comprehensive income as the management believes this provides a more meaningful presentation for medium or long-term strategic investments, than reflecting changes in fair value immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

Financial assets not measured at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income are carried at fair value through profit and loss.

Interest income

I nterest income is accrued on a time proportion basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and effective interest rate applicable and is recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

Dividend income

Dividend income from investments is recognised in the statement of profit or loss when the right to receive payment has been established.

Impairment of financial assets

Loss allowance for expected credit losses is recognised for financial assets measured at

amortised cost and fair value through other comprehensive income.

The Company recognises life time expected credit losses for all trade receivables that do not constitute a financing transaction.

For financial assets (apart from trade receivables that do not constitute of financing transaction) whose credit risk has not significantly increased since initial recognition, loss allowance equal to twelve months expected credit losses is recognised. Loss allowance equal to the lifetime expected credit losses is recognised if the credit risk of the financial asset has significantly increased since initial recognition.

De-recognition of financial assets

The Company de-recognises a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or it transfers the financial asset and substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another entity.

If the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Company recognises its retained interest in the assets and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay.

I f the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Company continues to recognise the financial asset and also recognises a borrowing for the proceeds received.

(II) Financial liabilities and equity instruments Classification as debt or equity

Financial liabilities and equity instruments issued by the Company are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the Company after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments are

recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.

Financial liabilities

Trade and other payables are initially measured at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are subsequently measured at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method where the time value of money is significant.

Interest bearing bank loans, overdrafts and issued debt are initially measured at fair value and are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the settlement or redemption of borrowings is recognised over the term of the borrowings in the statement of profit and loss.

De-recognition of financial liabilities

The Company de-recognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company's obligations are discharged, cancelled or they expire.

Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting

In the ordinary course of business, the Company uses certain derivative financial instruments to reduce business risks which arise from its exposure to foreign exchange, base metal prices and interest rate fluctuations. The instruments are confined principally to forward foreign exchange contracts, forward rate agreements, cross currency swaps, interest rate swaps and collars. The instruments are employed as hedges of transactions included in the financial statements or for highly probable forecast transactions/firm contractual commitments. These derivatives contracts do not generally extend beyond six months, except for certain currency swaps and interest rate derivatives.

Derivatives are initially accounted for and measured at fair value on the date the derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period.

The Company adopts hedge accounting for forward foreign exchange, interest rate and commodity contracts, wherever possible. At the inception of each hedge, there is a formal, documented

designation of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes, inter alia, items such as identification of the hedged item and transaction and nature of the risk being hedged. At inception each hedge is expected to be highly effective in achieving an offset of changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. The effectiveness of hedge instruments to reduce the risk associated with the exposure being hedged is assessed and measured at the inception and on an ongoing basis. The ineffective portion of designated hedges is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

When hedge accounting is applied:

•    for fair value hedges of recognised assets and liabilities, changes in fair value of the hedged assets and liabilities attributable to the risk being hedged, are recognised in the statement of profit and loss and compensate for the effective portion of symmetrical changes in the fair value of the derivatives.

•    for cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative is recognised directly in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion is recognised in the statement of profit and loss. If the cash flow hedge of a firm commitment or forecasted transaction results in the recognition of a nonfinancial asset or liability, then, at the time the asset or liability is recognised, the associated gains or losses on the derivative that had previously been recognised in equity are included in the initial measurement of the asset or liability. For hedges that do not result in the recognition of a non-financial asset or a liability, amounts deferred in equity are recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the same period in which the hedged item affects the statement of profit and loss.

In cases where hedge accounting is not applied, changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as and when they arise.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. At that time, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognised in equity is retained in equity until the forecasted transaction occurs. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognised in equity is transferred to the statement of profit and loss for the period.

Further details on the Company's financial instruments are set out in note 37, page F113.

(n) Employee benefits

Defined contribution plans

Contributions under defined contribution plans are recognised as expense for the period in which the employee has rendered service. Payments made to state managed retirement benefit schemes are dealt with as payments to defined contribution schemes where the Company's obligations under the schemes are equivalent to those arising in a defined contribution retirement benefit scheme.

Defined benefit plans

For defined benefit retirement schemes, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuation being carried out at each year-end balance sheet date. Remeasurement gains and losses of the net defined benefit liability/(asset) are recognised immediately in other comprehensive income. The service cost and net interest on the net defined benefit liability/(asset) are recognised as an expense within employee costs.

Past service cost is recognised as an expense when the plan amendment or curtailment occurs or when any related restructuring costs or termination benefits are recognised, whichever is earlier.

The retirement benefit obligations recognised in the balance sheet represents the present value of the defined benefit obligations as reduced by the fair value of plan assets.

Compensated absences

Liabilities recognised in respect of other long-term employee benefits such as annual leave and sick leave are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows expected to be made by the Company in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date using the projected unit credit method with actuarial valuation being carried out at each year-end balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are charged or credited to the statement of profit and loss in the period in which they arise.

Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related service are recognised based on actuarial valuation.

(o)    Inventories

Inventories comprise the followings:

a)    Raw materials,

b)    Work-in-progress,

c)    Finished and semi-finished goods

d)    Stock-in-trade, and

e)    Stores and spares.

I nventories are recorded at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is ascertained on a weighted average basis. Costs comprise direct materials and, where applicable, direct labour costs and those overheads that have been incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realisable value is the price at which the inventories can be realised in the normal course of business after allowing for the cost of conversion from their existing state to a finished condition and for the cost of marketing, selling and distribution.

Provisions are made to cover slow moving and obsolete items based on historical experience of utilisation on a product category basis, which involves individual businesses considering their product lines and market conditions.

(p)    Provisions

Provisions are recognised in the balance sheet when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive)

as a result of a past event, which is expected to result in an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits which can be reliably estimated. They also include provisions on decommissioning, site restoration and environmental provisions as well. Each provision is based on the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date. Where the time value of money is material, provisions are measured on a discounted basis.

Constructive obligation is an obligation that derives from an entity's actions where:

(i)    by an established pattern of past practice, published policies or a sufficiently specific current statement, the entity has indicated to other parties that it will accept certain responsibilities and

(ii)    as a result, the entity has created a valid expectation on the part of those other parties that it will discharge such responsibilities.

(q)    Onerous contracts

A provision for onerous contracts is recognised when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Company recognises any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.

(r)    Government grants

Government grants are recognised at its fair value, where there is a reasonable assurance that such grants will be received and compliance with the conditions attached therewith have been met.

Government grants related to expenditure on property, plant and equipment are credited to the statement of profit and loss over the useful lives of qualifying assets or other systematic basis representative of the pattern of fulfilment of obligations associated with the grant received. Grants received less amounts credited to the statement of profit and loss at the reporting date are included in the balance sheet as deferred income.

(s) Income taxes

Tax expense for the year comprises of current and deferred tax. The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net profit as reported in the statement of profit and loss because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company's liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted in countries where the Company and its subsidiaries operate by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred tax is the tax expected to be payable or recoverable on differences between the carrying value of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit, and is accounted for using the balance sheet liability method. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences. In contrast, deferred tax assets are only recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

The carrying value of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised based on the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period. The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying value of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset to the extent that they relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority and there are legally enforceable rights to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities within that jurisdiction.

Current and deferred tax are recognised as an expense or income in the statement of profit and loss, except when they relate to items credited or debited either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

(t) Revenue

The Company manufactures and sells a range of steel and other products.

Sale of products

Revenue from sale of products is recognised when control of the products has transferred, being when the products are delivered to the customer. Delivery occurs when the products have been shipped or delivered to the specific location as the case may be, the risks of loss has been transferred, and either the customer has accepted the products in accordance with the sales contract, or the Company has objective evidence that all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied. Sale of products include related ancillary services, if any.

Goods are often sold with volume and price discounts based on aggregate sales over a 12 months period. Revenue from these sales is recognised based on the price specified in the contract, net of the estimated volume and price discounts. Accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the discounts, using the most likely method, and revenue is only recognised to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not occur. A liability is recognised for expected volume discounts payable to customers in relation to sales made until the end of the reporting period. No element of financing is deemed present as the sales are generally made with a credit term of 30-90 days, which is consistent with market practice. Any obligation to provide a refund is recognised as a provision. A receivable is recognised when the goods are delivered as this is the point in time that the consideration is unconditional because only the passage of time is required before the payment is due.

The Company does not adjust the transaction prices for any time value of money in case of contracts where the period between the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer and payment by the customer does not exceed one year.

Sale of power

Revenue from sale of power is recognised when the services are provided to the customer based on approved tariff rates established by the respective regulatory authorities. The Company doesn't recognise revenue and an asset for cost incurred in the past that will be recovered.

(u) Foreign currency transactions and translations

The financial statements of the Company are presented in Indian Rupee ("?"), which is the functional currency of the Company and the presentation currency for the financial statements.

I n preparing the financial statements, transactions in currencies other than the entity's functional currency are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the date

of the transaction. At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are re-translated at the rates prevailing at the end of the reporting period. Non-monetary items carried at fair value that are denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing on the date when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not translated.

Exchange differences arising on the re-translation or settlement of other monetary items are included in the statement of profit and loss for the period.

(v) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

No new amendments to Ind AS has been notified by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs ("MCA") during the current financial year.