SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
a) Statement of compliance
The company’s financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act’ 2013 and the Indian Accounting Standards (“Ind AS”) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2016 as applicable. The financials of the company for the year ended March 31, 2024 and year ended March 31, 2023 are prepared in compliance with Ind AS.
b) Basis of accounting
These financial statements are prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) under the historical cost convention on accrual basis as stated in the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (‘Act’). The Ind AS are prescribed under Section133 of the Act read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2016.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.
Fair value measurements under Ind AS are categorized as below based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety:
F Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the company can access at measurement date;
F Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included in level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and
F Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the valuation of assets/liabilities.
c) Presentation of financial statements
The Balance Sheet and the Statement of Profit and Loss are prepared and presented in the format prescribed in the Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013 (“the Act”). The statement of cash flows has been prepared and presented as per the requirements of Ind AS 7 “Statement of Cash flows”. The disclosure requirements with respect to items in the Balance Sheet and Statement of Profit and Loss, as prescribed in the Schedule III to the Act, are presented by way of notes forming part of the financial statements along with the other notes required to be disclosed under the notified Accounting Standards.
d) Operating cycle for current and non-current classification
Operating cycle for the business activities of the company covers the duration of the specific project/contract/product line/service including the defect liability period wherever applicable and extends up to the realization of receivables (including retention monies) within the agreed credit period normally applicable to the respective lines of business.
e) Revenue recognition
The company accounts and recognizes contract with a customer only when the following criteria are met:
(a) The parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally or in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective obligations;
(b) The entity can identify each party’s rights regarding the goods or services to be transferred;
(c) The entity can identify the payment terms for the goods or services to be transferred;
(d) The contract has commercial substance (i.e., the risk, timing or amount of the entity’s future cash flows is expected to change as a result of the contract); and
(e) It is probable that the company will collect the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer. In evaluating whether collectability of an amount of consideration is probable, the company considers only the customer’s ability and intention to pay that amount of consideration when it is due.
The amount of consideration to which the company will be entitled may be less than the price stated in the contract if the consideration is variable because the entity may offer the customer a price concession.
At contract inception, the company shall assess the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer and shall identify as a performance obligation each promise to transfer to the customer either:
a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or
a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer.
The company shall recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service (i.e. an asset) to the customer. An asset is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that asset.
When a performance obligation is satisfied, the company shall recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to that performance obligation. Determining the transaction price, the company shall consider the terms of the contract and its customary business practices to determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both.
f) Exceptional Items
Exceptional Items represents the nature of transactions which are not in recurring nature during the ordinary course of business but lead to increase / decrease in profit / loss for the year.
g) Property, plant and equipment (PPE)
PPE is recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. PPE is stated at original cost net of tax/duty credits availed, if any, less accumulated depreciation and cumulative impairment, if any. Property, plant and equipment acquired on hire purchase basis are recognized at their cash values. Cost includes professional fees related to the acquisition of PPE and for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalized in accordance with the company’s accounting policy.
PPE not ready for the intended use on the date of the Balance Sheet are disclosed as “capital work-in-progress”.
Depreciation is recognized using Written Down Value so as to write off the cost of the assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives specified in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.
Depreciation method is reviewed at each financial year end to reflect the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. The estimated useful life and residual values are also reviewed at each financial year end and the effect of any change in the estimates of useful life/residual value is accounted on prospective basis.
Where cost of a part of the asset (“asset component”) is significant to total cost of the asset and useful life of that part is different from the useful life of the remaining asset, useful life of that significant part is determined separately and such asset component is depreciated over its separate useful life.
Freehold land is not depreciated.
h) Investment property
Investment properties are properties held to earn rentals and/or for capital appreciation (including property under construction for such purposes). Investment properties are measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are measured in accordance with the Ind AS16’s requirement for cost model. An investment property is derecognized upon disposal or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no further economic benefits expected from disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the property is included in profit or loss in the period in which the property is derecognized.
i) Intangible assets
Identifiable intangible assets are recognized when the Company controls the asset, it is probable that future economic benefits attributed to the asset will flow to the Company and the cost of the asset can be reliably measured.
At initial recognition, the separately acquired intangible assets are recognized at cost.
Following initial recognition, the intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The estimated useful life and amortization method reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis.
Intangible assets are amortized on straight line basis over the estimated useful life. The method of amortization and useful life is being reviewed at the end of each accounting year with the effect of any changes in the estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis.
j) Impairment of assets
Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment:
Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value in use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the CGU to which the asset belongs. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized in the statement of profit and loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the estimated recoverable amount of the asset. An impairment loss is reversed in the statement of profit and loss if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated amortization or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.
k) Employee Benefits
Short term employee benefits:
Employee benefits such as salaries, wages, short term compensated absences, expected cost of bonus, ex-gratia and performance-linked rewards falling due wholly within twelve months of rendering the service are classified as short-term employee benefits and are expensed in the period in which the employee renders the related service.
Post-employment benefits:
Provident Fund
The company makes contribution to Provident Fund administered by the Central Government under The Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 and recognizes the same as an expense in the profit and loss account.
Gratuity
For defined post-employment benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each quarter reporting period. Re-measurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the changes to the asset ceiling (if applicable) and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognized in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Re measurement recognized in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and is not reclassified to profit or loss. Past service cost is recognized in profit or loss in the period of a plan amendment. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.
l) Leases
The determination of whether an agreement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the agreement at the date of inception.
(i) Finance leases
a. Leases where the company has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the related assets are classified as finance leases. Assets under finance leases are capitalized at the commencement of the lease at the lower of the fair value or the present value of minimum lease payments and a liability is created for an equivalent amount. Each lease rental paid is allocated between the liability and the interest cost, so as to obtain a constant periodic rate of interest on the outstanding liability for each period.
b. Assets given under a finance lease are recognized as a receivable at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease. Lease income is recognized over the period of the lease so as to yield a constant rate of return on the net investment in the lease.
(ii) Operating leases:
The leases which are not classified as finance lease are operating leases.
a. Lease rentals on assets under operating lease are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straightline basis over the term of the relevant lease.
b. Assets leased out under operating leases are continued to be shown under the respective class of assets. Rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease.
m) Financial Instruments
Financial assets and/or financial liabilities are recognized when the company becomes party to a contract embodying the related financial instruments. All financial assets, financial liabilities and financial guarantee contracts are initially measured at transaction values and where such values are different from the fair value, at fair value. Transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial
liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from as the case may be, the fair value of such assets or liabilities, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognized immediately in profit or loss.
Financial assets
Financial asset is
1. Cash / Equity Instrument of another Entity,
2. Contractual right to:
a. Receive Cash / another Financial Asset from another Entity, or
b. Exchange Financial Assets or Financial Liabilities with another Entity under conditions that are potentially favorable to the Entity.
A. All recognized financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at amortized cost or at fair value depending on the classification of the financial assets as follows:
i. Investments in debt Instruments that are designated as fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) - at fair value.
ii. Other investments in debt instruments - at amortized cost, subject to following conditions:
F The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and
F The contractual terms of instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
iii. Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI) (unless the same are designated as fair value through profit or loss)
F The asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and
F The contractual terms of instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
iv. Investment in equity instruments issued by subsidiary, associates and joint ventures are measured at cost less impairment.
v. Investment in preference shares of the subsidiary companies are treated as equity instruments if the same are convertible into equity shares or are redeemable out of the proceeds of equity instruments issued for the purpose of redemption of such investments. Investment in preference shares not meeting the aforesaid conditions are classified as debt instruments at FVTPL.
vi. Investments in equity instruments are classified as at FVTPL, unless the related instruments are not held for trading and the company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in Other Comprehensive Income.
For financial assets that are measured at FVTOCI, income by way of interest, dividend and exchange difference (on debt instrument) is recognized in profit or loss and changes in fair value (other than on account of such income) are recognized in Other Comprehensive Income and accumulated in other equity. On disposal of debt instruments measured at FVTOCI, the cumulative gain or loss previously accumulated in other equity is reclassified to profit or loss. In case of equity instruments measured at FVTOCI, such cumulative gain or loss is not reclassified to profit or loss on disposal of investments.
B. A financial asset is primarily derecognized when:
i) The right to receive cash flows from the asset has expired, or
ii) The company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a pass-through arrangement; and (a) the company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or b) the company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
On de-recognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the differences between the carrying amounts measured at the date of de-recognition and the consideration received is recognized in profit or loss.
C. Impairment of financial assets: The Companyrecognizes impairment loss on trade receivables using expected credit loss model, which involves use of a provision matrix constructed on the basis of historical credit loss experience as permitted under Ind AS 109.
Financial liabilities
Financial liability is Contractual Obligation to
a) Deliver Cash or another Financial Asset to another Entity, or
b) Exchange Financial Assets or Financial Liabilities with another Entity under conditions that is potentially unfavorable to the Entity.
Financial liabilities, including derivatives and embedded derivatives, which are designated for measurement at FVTPL are subsequently measured at fair value. Financial guarantee contracts are subsequently measured at the amount of impairment loss allowance or the amount recognized at inception net of cumulative amortization, whichever is higher. All other financial liabilities including loans and borrowings are measured at amortized cost using Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method.
Financial liability is derecognized when the related obligation expires or is discharged or cancelled.
Fair value of financial instruments
In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the Company uses a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each reporting date. The methods used to determine fair value include discounted cash flow analysis, available quoted market prices and dealer quotes. All methods of assessing fair value result in general approximation of value and such value may or may not be realized.
Fair value measurement
The Company measures certain financial instruments at fair value at each reporting date. Fair value is the price that would be received on sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
a) In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
b) In the absence of principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest. The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
n) Inventories
Inventories are valued after providing for obsolescence, as under:
a) Raw materials, components, construction materials, stores, spares and loose tools at lower of Cost and net realizable value. However, these items are considered to be realizable at cost if the finished products, in which they will be used, are expected to be sold at or above cost.
b) Finished goods and stock-in-trade (in respect of goods acquired for trading) at lower of Cost and net realizable value. Cost includes related overheads and GST paid/payable on such goods.
Assessment of net realizable value is made in each subsequent period and when the circumstances that previously caused inventories to be written-down below cost no longer exist or when there is clear evidence of an increase in net realizable value because of changed economic circumstances, the write-down, if any, in the past period is reversed to the extent of the original amount written-down so that the resultant carrying amount is the lower of the cost and the revised net realizable value.
o) Cash and bank balances
Cash and bank balances also include fixed deposits, margin money deposits, earmarked balances with banks and other bank balances which have restrictions on repatriation. Short term and liquid investments being subject to more than insignificant risk of change in value, are not included as part of cash and cash equivalents.
p) Borrowing Costs
Borrowing costs include interest expense calculated using the effective interest method, finance charges in respect of assets acquired on finance lease and exchange differences arising on foreign currency borrowings to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.
Borrowing costs net of any investment income from the temporary investment of related borrowings that are attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalized /inventoried as part of cost of such asset till such time the asset is ready for its intended use or sale. A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily requires a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale. All other borrowing costs are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.
q) Foreign currencies
i. The functional currency and presentation currency of the company is Indian Rupee.
ii. Transactions in currencies other than the company’s functional currency are recorded on initial recognition using the exchange rate at the transaction date. At each Balance Sheet date, foreign currency monetary items are reported using the closing rate. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currency are not retranslated. Exchange differences that arise on settlement of monetary items or on reporting of monetary items at each Balance Sheet date at the closing spot rate are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise except for:
a. Exchange differences on foreign currency borrowings relating to assets under construction for future productive use, which are included in the cost of those assets when they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs on those foreign currency borrowings; and
b. Exchange differences on transactions entered into in order to hedge certain foreign currency risks.
r) Taxes on income
Income tax expense represents sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.
Current Tax
Current tax is the amount of tax payable on the taxable income for the year as determined in accordance with the applicable tax rates and the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 and other applicable tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are generally recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary differences arise from the initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of assets and liabilities in a transaction that in addition, deferred tax liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of goodwill.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realized, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
Current and deferred tax for the year
Current and deferred tax are recognized in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.
s) Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment represent a significant proportion of the asset base of the company. The changes in respect of periodic depreciation is derived after determining an estimate of an asset’s expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life. The useful lives and residual values of Company’s assets are determined by the management at the time the asset is acquired and reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in Technology.
|