1.Summary of significant accounting policies_
The financial statements have been prepared using the significant accounting policies and measurement bases summarized below. These were used throughout all periods presented in the financial statements, except where the Company has applied certain exemptions upon transition to Ind AS, as summarized in note 29.
1.1 Current versus non-current classification
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company’s operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Companies Act, 2013.
1.2 Property, plant and equipment
Transition to Ind /AS
On transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its property, plant and equipment recognized as at April 1 2016, measured as per the previous GAAP, and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of such property, plant and equipment (see Note 3).
Recognition and measurement
Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.
Cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates, any directly attributable cost of bringing the item to its working condition for its intended use and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.
If significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.
Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognized in statement of profit and loss.
Subsequent expenditure
All items of property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as separate asset is derecognized when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to statement of profit and loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.
Depreciation
Depreciation is calculated on cost of items of property, plant and equipment less their estimated residual values over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method and is generally recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
Depreciation on fixed assets is provided as per the guidance set out in the schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. Depreciation is charged on straight line method based on estimated useful life of the asset after considering residual value as set out in schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. The Company has used the following useful lives to provide depreciation on its fixed assets:
Depreciation on additions (disposals) is provided on a pro-rata basis i.e. from (upto) the date on which asset is ready for use (disposed of).
Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lease period or the estimated useful life, whichever is shorter.
Depreciation method, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each financial year-end and adjusted if appropriate.
De-recognition
An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant component initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de-recognition of the asset/significant component (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset/significant component) is recognized in statement of profit and loss, when the asset is derecognized.
1.3 Inventories
Inventories of raw materials, stores and spares and packaging materials are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The cost of inventories is based on the weighted average, and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories and other costs incurred in bringing them to their present location and condition.
Raw materials, components and other supplies held for use in the production of finished products are not written down below cost except in cases where material prices have declined, and it is estimated that the cost of the finished products will exceed their net realizable value. The comparison of cost and net realizable value is made on an item-by-item basis.
Finished goods include are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value.Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses.
1.4 Revenue recognition
Sale of Products
Revenue from sale of goods is recognized when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer, recovery of the consideration is reasonably certain, the associated costs and possible return of goods can be estimated reliably, there is no continuing effective control over, or managerial involvement with, and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably. Revenue is recorded net of Goods & Services tax, customer discounts, rebate and similar charges.
Recognition of interest income
Interest income recorded on accrued basis using the effective interest rate (EIR) method.
1.5 Leases Company as a lessee
Leases where the lessor effectively retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the leased item are classified as operating leases. Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense in the statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis except where scheduled increase in rent compensate the lessor for expected inflationary costs.
1.6 Impairment
Impairment of non-financial assets
The Company assesses at each reporting date whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s (CGU) net selling price and its value in use. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. Where the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining net selling price, recent market transactions are taken into account, if available. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.
The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations which are prepared separately for each of the Company’s cash-generating units to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations are generally covering a period of five years. For longer periods, a long term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the fifth year. Impairment losses are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
An assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognized impairment losses may no longerexist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset’s or cash-generating unit’s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount ofthe asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
Impairment of financial assets
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss for financial assets. The Company assesses on forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its assets and impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk. An impairment loss is recognized based on the 12 monthsprobability of default or life time probability of default and the expected loss good default estimated for each financial asset.AII contractual terms ofthe financial assets (including prepayment and extension) over the expected life ofthe assets. Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.
Trade receivables
In respect of trade receivables, the Company applies the simplified approach of Ind AS 109, which requires measurement of loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses. Lifetime expected credit losses are the expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument.
Other financial assets
In respect of its other financial assets, the Company assesses if the credit risk on those financial assets has increased significantly since initial recognition. If the credit risk has not increased significantly since initial recognition, the Company measures the loss allowance at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses, else at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses.
When making this assessment, the Company uses the change in the risk of a default occurring overthe expected life ofthe financial asset. To make that assessment, the Company compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial asset as at the balance sheet date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial asset as at the date of initial recognition and considers reasonable and supportable information, that is available without undue cost or effort, that is indicative of significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition. The Company assumes that the credit risk on a financial asset has not increased significantly since initial recognition if the financial asset is determined to have low credit risk at the balance sheet date.
1.7 Foreign currency transactions
Functional and presentation currency
The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupee (‘L.’) which is also the functional and presentation currency ofthe Company.
Initial recognition
Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the functional currency, by applying to the exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date ofthe transaction.
Conversion
Foreign currency monetary items are converted to functional currency using the closing rate. Non-monetary items denominated in a foreign currency which are carried at historical cost are reported using the exchange rate at the date ofthe transaction.
Exchange difference
Exchange differences arising on monetary items on settlement, or restatement as at reporting date, at rates different from those at which they were initially recorded, are recognized in the statement of profit and loss in the year in which they arise.
1.8 Financial instruments
Initial recognition and measurement
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the financial instrument and are measured initially at fair value adjusted for transaction costs, except for those carried at fair value through profit or loss which are measured initially at fair value. Subsequent measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities is described below.
Financial assets
Subsequent measurement
Financial assets carried at amortised cost - A ‘financial asset’ is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:
The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method.
De-recognition of financial assets
A financial asset is primarily derecognized when the contractual rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired or the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset.
Financial liabilities
Subsequent measurement
Subsequent to initial recognition, all non-derivative financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
De-recognition of financial liabilities
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the de-recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
1.9 Employee benefits
Short term employee benefits
Short-term employee benefits comprise of employee costs such as salaries, bonus etc. is recognized on the basis of the amount paid or payable for the period during which services are rendered by the employee.
Long term employee benefits - Defined contribution plans
A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts. The Company makes monthly contributions to statutory provident fund (Government administered provident fund scheme) in accordance with Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 which is a defined contribution plan. Obligations for contributions to defined contribution plans are recognized as an employee benefit expense in statement of profit or loss in the period(s) during which the related services are rendered by employees.
1.10 Income tax
Tax expense recognized in statement of profit and loss comprises the sum of deferred tax and current tax except the ones recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.
/. Current tax
Current tax is determined as the tax payable in respect of taxable income for the year and is computed in accordance with relevant tax regulations. Current income tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity).
Minimum Alternative Tax (‘MAT’) credit is recognized as an asset only when and to the extent there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax during the specified period. Such asset is reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and the carrying amount of the MAT credit asset is written down to the extent there is no longer a convincing evidence to the effect that the Company will pay normal income tax during the specified period.
ii. Deferred tax
Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred taxis also recognized in respect of carried forward tax losses and tax credits. Deferred tax is not recognized for:
- temporary differences related to investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint arrangements to the extent that the Company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future; and
- deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. The existence of unused tax losses is strong evidence that future taxable profit may not be available. Therefore, in case of a history of recent losses, the Company recognises a deferred tax asset only to the extent that it has sufficient taxable temporary differences or there is convincing other evidence that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realized. Deferred tax assets - unrecognized or recognized, are reviewed at each reporting date and are recognized/ reduced to the extent that it is probable/ no longer probable respectively that the related tax benefit will be realized.
Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.
1.11 Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash in hand, balance with banks in current in current accounts.
1.12 Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders (after deducting attributable taxes) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for events including a bonus issue, right issue and share split transaction.
For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.
1.13 Provisions
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past events, for which it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate ofthe amount can be made. Provisions required to settle are reviewed regularly and are adjusted where necessary to reflect the current best estimates ofthe obligation. Provisions are discounted to their present values, where the time value of money is material.
1.14 Contingent liabilities and contingent assets
A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control ofthe Company or a present obligation that is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognized because it cannot be measured reliably. The Company does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.
Contingent assets are neither recognized nor disclosed. However, when realization of income is virtually certain, related asset is recognized.
Significant management judgement and estimates
The preparation ofthe Company’s financial statements requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and the related disclosures.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized prospectively.
Significant Management Judgements
Information about judgments made in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effects on the amounts recognized in the financial statements is included in the following notes:
Recognition of deferred tax assets - The extent to which deferred tax assets can be recognized is based on an assessment ofthe probability ofthe Company’s future taxable income against which the deferred tax assets can be utilized.
Evaluation of indicators for impairment of assets - The evaluation of applicability of indicators of impairment of assets requires assessment of several external and internal factors which could result in deterioration of recoverable amount ofthe assets.
Contingent liabilities - At each balance sheet date basis the management judgment, changes in facts and legal aspects, the Company assesses the requirement of provisions against the outstanding contingent liabilities. However, the actual future outcome may be different from this judgement.
Significant estimates
Useful lives of depreciable/amortizable assets- Management reviews its estimate of the useful lives of depreciable/amortizable assets at each reporting date, based on the expected utility ofthe assets. Uncertainties in these estimates relate to technical and economic obsolescence that may change the utilization of assets.
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