1. Significant Accounting Policies
1.1 Basis of Preparation
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Ind AS’) as notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (‘Act’) read with of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules,2015 and other relevant provisions of the Act.
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Ind AS’) as notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (‘Act’) read with of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules,2015 and other relevant provisions of the Act.
These financial statements for the year ended 31st March, 2023 are the Sixth financials with comparatives, prepared under Ind AS and the financial statements for the year ended 31st March, 2018 are the first financials with comparatives, prepared under Ind AS. For all previous periods, the Company had prepared its financial statements in accordance with the accounting standards notified under companies (Accounting Standard) Rule, 2006 (as amended) and other relevant provisions of the Act (hereinafter referred to as ‘Previous GAAP’) used for its statutory reporting requirement in India.
The accounting policies are applied consistently to all the periods presented in the financial statements, including the preparation of the opening Ind AS Balance Sheet as at 1st April, 2017.
The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following:
a) Certain financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value;
b) Assets held for sale-measured at lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell;
c) Defined benefit plans - plan assets measured at fair value
1.2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
a) Current vs Non-Current Classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/non-current classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:
> Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle
> Held primarily for the purpose of trading
> Expected to be realised within twelve months after reporting period, or
> Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is current when:
> Expected to be settled in normal operating cycle.
> Held primarily for the purpose of trading
> Due to be settled within twelve months after reporting period, or
> There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.
The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash and cash equivalent. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.
b) Use of estimates and judgements
The estimates and judgments used in the preparation of the financial statements are continuously evaluated by the Company and are based on historical experience and various other assumptions and factors (including expectations of future events) that the Company believes to be reasonable under the existing circumstances. Differences between actual results and estimates are recognised in the period in which the results are known/materialised.
The said estimates are based on the facts and events, that existed as at the reporting date, or that occurred after that date but provide additional evidence about conditions existing as at the reporting date.
c) Property, Plant & Equipment
On transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its property, plant and equipment recognized as at April 1, 2017, measured as per the previous GAAP, and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of such property, plant and equipment.
Property, plant & equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The cost comprises purchase price, borrowing costs if capitalization criteria are met, directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for the intended use. Any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price. In case of assets acquired in exchange for a non-monetary asset, the cost of such an item of property, plant and equipment is measured at fair value unless (a) the exchange transaction lacks commercial substance or (b) the fair value of neither the asset received nor the asset given up is reliably measurable. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in profit or loss as incurred.
The Company identifies and determines cost of each component/ part of the asset separately, if the component/ part has a cost which is significant to the total cost of the asset and has useful life that is materially different from that of the remaining asset.
An item of Property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit or loss when the asset is derecognised.
The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of Property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
d) Depreciation on Property, Plant & Equipment
Depreciation on Property, Plant & Equipment is calculated on a written down value (WDV) basis using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives estimated by the management which is as per the rates specified in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.
e) Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value.
f) Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognised to the extent it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured, regardless of when the payment is being made. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, taking into account contractually defined terms of payment and excluding taxes or duties collected on behalf of the government.
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods have passed to the buyer, usually on delivery of the goods. Revenue from the sale of goods is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns and allowances, trade discounts and volume rebates.
g) Borrowing Cost
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds.
h) Employee Benefits
Short term benefits and post employment benefits are accounted in the period during which the services have been rendered.
i) Taxation Current income tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to
compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.
Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
Current tax assets and liabilities are offset only if there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts, and it is intended to realise the asset and settle the liability on a net basis or simultaneously.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date. Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences.
Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
j) Impairment of non-financial assets
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal or its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or group of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. Impairment losses, are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
k) Provisions
Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The expense relating to any provision is presented in the statement of profit or loss, net of any reimbursement. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as part of finance costs.
l) Contingent Liability
A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control of the Company or a present obligation that is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognized because it cannot be measured reliably. The Company does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.
m) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and shortterm deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company’s cash management.
n) Investments and other financial assets
(i) Classification
The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:
(1) Those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income, or through the Statement of Profit and Loss), and
(2) Those measured at amortised cost.
The classification depends on the Company’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.
(ii) Measurement
At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset at its fair value. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through the Profit and Loss are expensed in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Debt Instruments:
Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Company’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. The Company classifies its debt instruments into following categories:
Amortised Cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income using the effective interest rate method.
Fair value through profit and loss: Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost are measured at fair value through Profit and Loss. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income.
Equity instruments:
The Company measures its equity investment other than in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates at fair value through profit and loss.
(iii) Impairment of financial assets
The Company measures the expected credit loss associated with its assets based on historical trend, industry practices and the business environment in which the entity operates or any other appropriate basis. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk.
o) Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing:
- The profit attributable to owners of the Company
- By the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the financial year, adjusted for bonus elements in equity shares issued during the year and excluding treasury shares.
Diluted earnings per shares
Diluted earnings per share adjusts the figures used in the determination of basic earnings per share to take into account:
- The after income tax effect of interest and other financing costs associated with dilutive potential equity shares, and
- The weighted average number of additional equity shares that would have been outstanding assuming the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.
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